The Future of Genetic Enhancement Essay - 1090 Words

Genetic enhancement appears to be inevitable since technology is making a rapid turn towards genetic enhancement. Because of this fact, concerns over how beneficial or harmful genetic enhancement would be in the future have arisen. We, as a society, need to analyze both sides and decide for ourselves whether we should support the progression of genetic enhancement or do everything in our power to stall or halt it. Genetic enhancement refers to the use of genetic engineering to modify a person’s nonpathological human traits. This concept is aimed at improving the quality of life of humans. Baylis and Robert suggest that, using genetic enhancement, a person could make a physical alternation like increasing muscle mass or slowing down the†¦show more content†¦Benefits from genetic enhancements are widespread. These benefits are evident in physical, intellectual, psychological, and even moral enhancements. One of these benefits is undesired inherited conditions which can be eliminated through genetic enhancement. Some parents believe they should have the choice of preventing inherited diseases from being passed on from one generation to the next. Most of these parents also want to make informed reproductive choices without outside pressures (Iredale, Longley, Thomas, Shaw, 2006). With this physical enhancement, parents could get rid of all the traits they are concerned about and e nd up with healthy, disease- free children. Baylis and Robert suggest that a physical enhancement that could be considered beneficial is reducing sleep dependence (2004). A procrastinating undergraduate student who needs to study for a final or write a term paper could use this enhancement for their own benefit. Military personnel could have the opportunity to conduct more missions and with better precision if they are not sleep deprived. Surgeons would be able to perform surgeries more frequently and with greater accuracy. As a society, reducing sleep dependence would push us toward accomplishing more and greater objectives that otherwise would be impossible because of the amount of time we spend sleeping. Baylis and Robert also argue that psychological and moral enhancements could be beneficial to our society. With geneticShow MoreRelatedThe Future is Here: Genetic Enhancement Essay1762 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout history, society has always placed value on being bigger, stro nger, and faster by any means necessary to obtain these abilities. In order to obtain these abilities, society use genetic enhancements. A genetic enhancement is the use of genetic engineering to modify an individual’s biological traits; in addition, it is the alteration of genes in an individual’s body. Scientists are able to alter individual’s genotype with the purpose of choosing desired phenotype of a newborn. The processRead MoreThe Ethics of Genetically Enhancing Children Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pagesthe genetic makeup of their offspring makes children seem like a commodity in a genetic free market. Thoughts of a dystopian society like the one in the film â€Å"Gattaca† come to mind. However, taking an immediate repugnant stand against genetic enhancement is not well-founded. A more open-minded inspection of the issue reveals that the idea of parents improving their children’s life prospects through genetic engineering (provided it is safe ) is, at its core, not unethical. In fact, some genetic enhancementRead MoreThe Case Against Perfection by Michael Sandels935 Words   |  4 PagesRecent breakthroughs in the field of genetics and biotechnology have brought attention to the ethical issues surrounding human enhancement. 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One must understand the distinctions between the two words - perfect human - and understandRead MoreDoes Genetic Enhancements Affect Human Diversity?1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe concern that instances like these will come about if genetic enhancements are allowed in daily practice is not something to take lightly. If certain traits can be decided on beforehand, what is stopping us from trying to get rid of traits the one may consider undesirable, or even less preferable, and completely wiping out a certain trait of human diversity? Even in 2002 there was concern that even the smallest genetic improvement would put us on the slope to eugenics. These are legitimate concernsRead MoreGenetic Enhancements And Environmental Enhancements1012 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough still a very debated subject, gene tic enhancement has been around for many years with the genetic modification of crops. Just this year, researchers from Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou were the first to modify the genomes of human embryos in order to find a way to eliminate genetic diseases. The researchers used the gene editing technique CRISPR/Cas9, which, in layman’s terms, cuts out the bad genes and replaces the gaps with healthy genes. While this is a major scientific advancementRead MoreWhat Makes Us Human Genome? Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pagesbiological discovery meant for the future of humanity. Thirteen years ago, news sources buzzed with hot-topic articles warning us of designer babies and man-made crops. Based on the frantic journalistic climate of the time, one might think us normal people would soon be replaced by post-humans. To find crude evidence for the decade’s excitement (or disdain) for the upcoming human genetics revolution, one needs only check google search trends for wor ds like ‘genetic enhancement’ or ‘designer baby.’ InterestRead MoreHuman Enhancement Should Be Discontinued1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthey think a perfect baby should be. Genetic Engineering or known to the public as designer babies is a term used to describe the use of technology to modify embryos and choose specific traits that parents want for their newborn. Using this new advance in science should bring concern amongst the people; as efforts to create human perfection can lead to recreating the same ideals and standards of Hitler’s principles of perfect looking human being. Human Enhancement should be discontinued because is notRead MoreInsight Into the Past and Present with Science Fiction 0.4 by Mike Lancester574 Words   |  3 Pagessubsequent consequences in the future. 0.4 by Mike Lancester is a science fiction text which evidently represents the discrimination inflicted upon the ‘inferior’ races by the more ‘superiorâ⠂¬â„¢ races. As this aspect of discrimination has occurred in the past, such as the racism faced by Aboriginal people, Lancester gives us an insight into the past of humanity. Furthermore, by exploring the possibility of social hierarchy in the near future due to genetic enhancements, 0.4 provides an insight into Lancester’sRead MoreThe Case Against Perfection By Michael J. Sandel1358 Words   |  6 Pagesrevolution that leads to the most controversial idea; genetic engineering of humans. When science technology grows exponentially faster than moral understanding, therein lies the argument between these two aspects. One can argue that genetic engineering is some sort of vast achievement in technology especially in this modern era whereby people live in full of access. However, if we look closely at the impact of this technology towards human beings, genetic engineering has many flaws and ramifications that

Hospitality Information Technology Strategy Free Essays

string(33) " a social tool of communication\." 1. Hotel utilise e- commerce very effectively for procurement purpose. They purchase essential products necessary for the daily running of the hotel via online websites. We will write a custom essay sample on Hospitality Information Technology Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now I would like consider Costa coffee Heathrow in my case study as I am working there presently and it is very much suitable for this case study. The website which Costa uses to purchase its essential products for daily running of the business are: * www. geometric-furniture. co. uk * www. kn-portal. com * www. caterwide. com * www. incorporatewear. com * www. coffeecreation. co. uk * www. bunzlcatering. o. uk Geometric furniture – Geometric Furniture is a design led manufacturer of high quality contract furniture. Established over 40 years ago, Geometric has become one of the UK’s leading contract furniture suppliers. It supplies to number of company like Odeon cinema, Costa Coffee, Oxo Tower, The Warehouse, Ronald Mc Donald house. The best thing about this company is that they deliver they service by themselves, inform their client beforehand about its features. Delivered the product on time without fail and do understand the important of deadline and reliability. Kuehne + Nagel – has got a new contract to manage the distribution of food supply on behalf of Whitbread plc, which is the UK’s largest hotel and restaurant group. Costa has taken the decision to fully outsource its food logistics activities to Kuehne + Nagel because they agreed to undertake delivery of chilled and ambient products to over 700 Costa Coffee outlets seven days per week, and delivery of frozen, chilled and ambient products. The contract is for 5 years and in addition with that Kuehne + Nagel will operate a customer call centre on behalf of Whitbread and manage the ordering of products from designated suppliers. Caterwide – As one of the UK’s largest and fastest growing coffee shop brands, Costa Coffee has been using Torex Inn Touch POS and Caterwide for the past ten years to drive strategic initiatives around cash management, suggested ordering, stock control, labour management and reporting and business processes. One of the key advantages of the Torex solution is that it integrates with Costa Coffee’s loyalty programme, the Costa Coffee Club, whereby customers can collect points when they buy food and drink which can be redeemed against future purchases. Incorporatewear – Incorporatewear, the UK’s premier corporate clothing provider, has been percolating a piece of new business over the past 12 months and is now delighted to pour out the details of its recently signed contract to supply Costa Coffee. Incorporatewear only work with the highest quality materials and the Costa range is no different with shirts and aprons being manufactured from premium poly/cotton fabrics and provides the uniforms for 16,000 Baristas and staff. There are two companies of Whitbread plc which are under the umbrella of incorporatewear that Costa coffee and premier inn. The benefits of it are, advanced call centre telephone system, dedicated client contact number, instant query resolution, experienced team. Bunzl catering supply – is the upcoming leading distributor of non- food consumable to hospitality and catering sector in the UK, it got 10 branches all over the UK provide a responsive and a flexible local service. at each branch they got dedicated customer service team which has good understanding of local business need and provide outstanding customer care from points of order through delivery. We can place order through telephone, fax, email and online as well which include an image catalogue, fast orders, regular buys, and saved basket. when the order has been placed the following information is readily available to them: full customer details including delivery address previous purchase history authorised product list real time stock availability pack sizes and product descriptions Coffee creation (prima coffee service ltd) – has been supplying high quality coffee product from more than 12 years with a passion for quality and attention to details. It’s very easy to place an order with coffee creation; it takes you through each step, finding the item you would like to buy, add the item to your shopping basket, proceeding to checkout, sigh in, enter your details, check and submit your order, provide payment information, get email as the confirmation, tracking down the order. Sometimes they send product for sampling if requested and the customer of coffee creation are cafe Nero, Costa coffee, coffee republic. 2. Critically evaluate your organisation’s website. Discuss its strong and weak points. How user friendly is it? Is it functionality adequate? Put yourself In place of someone who is unfamiliar with the organization. Does it enhance the reputation and encourage further contact? Webpage are the most inexpensive and the most effective way to promote any business especially in coffee shops people are looking for new shops in their neighbourhood and while travelling often start their search on internet. More than half of the marketing job is done if completely describing your cafe on webpage. The website of Costa coffee is quite eye appealing and attractive to customers. It matches the same colours and fonts on their web site as they do in their cafe. By using just the 2,3 colours, consistent fonts and easy navigation it stimulates the cafe itself. Some basic thing which a webpage must have it are, location, opening hours, photo gallery, about the business, menu, and press release. Out of all this Costa coffee explains its business, update press release, latest picture of the product, location of all the stores with opening and closing hours, address 5. What is social media? Identify three different types of social media how they can be of benefit for hotel industry. Social Media is the use of internet-based programs to make interaction with friends, family, classmates, customers and clients. It can be done for social purposes, business purposes or both. The appropriate way to define social media is to split it into two parts, social and media. Media is a tool of communication, like a newspaper or a radio, so social media would be a social tool of communication. You read "Hospitality Information Technology Strategy" in category "Papers" This social tool of communication doesn’t just give the information but interact with you while giving that information. Interaction may be like asking you for to comment in any particular thing, or letting you vote on any article or asking you to rate any movie etc. Social media is a new form of interacting people that allows anyone to become a source of information through new technologies that doesn’t need any previous experience. It also allows the audience to be the author and author to be the audience. Anyone can experience the interaction for free as long as they have internet connection. The popular site of social media includes Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Flickr and many others. These sites all allow users to post information that can then be commented on, followed or enjoyed by larger social groups and peers. Many Hotels are investing on its use to target market demographic groups or to break through to new potential customers. Now Days mostly all the hotel have Facebook pages and are adding facebookers as friends in an effort to attract new customers and build brand loyalty. There are restaurants that are tweeting out daily specials and/or coupons to give as a gift to their followers. Facebook- one of the most popular of social networking sites which allows users to sign up and add friends and social groups, post information, comment on that information, post photos and become fans of various items or company or group. Hotels create their facebook page to add their customer, to target new market, they post photos of the some special event occurred in hotel and tag their friends (customer), by tagging photo a friend of friends, who is known to the hotel can get to know about the hotel and his or her friend whereabouts. Through this hotel make new customer with the help of Facebook. Example – some Marriott hotels use their Facebook pages to communicate with guests about local and hotel events. (USA Today) Twitter: This is a free social networking and micro blogging service that enables its users to send and read messages known as tweets. Tweets are text-based posts of up to 140 characters displayed on the author’s profile page and delivered to the author’s subscribers who are known as followers. Senders can restrict delivery to those in their circle of friends or, by default, allow open access. Elmore 2010) Twitter also allows hotel employees to start conversations with guests; even a tweet as simple as â€Å"Hope you’re enjoying your stay! † which give a personalized touch that some guests really appreciate that. Hyatt and Hilton hotels are using Twitter as a virtual concierge service to which guests can â€Å"tweet† queries and expect responses within the hour. (USA Today) Youtube : A very popular and free video-sharing  Web site  that allows registered users to upload and share their video clips online at the YouTube. om Web site. To view the videos you are not required to register but to upload the video you need to register with your email accounts. It allows billions of people to browse, watch and share originally-created videos. It creates a group of people to connect, inform, and inspire others across the globe and acts as a distribution platform. The Marriot Resort Stellaris Casino in Puerto Rico uses YouTube to let guests record a 30-second video postcard to send to friends and family through the resort’s YouTube channel. A hotel can use the youtube to promote their own website by sharing and uploading videos of own hotel. 6. What is cloud Computing and explain how it can be used for the hospitality industry? The service provided on internet with the use of computing resources (hardware and software) are called as cloud computing. All data that is being accessed are usually saved in servers, which are in accessible by any unauthorized user. This allows enterprise to maintain faster service and less maintenance from IT. Technology has advanced rapidly in the last couple of years that now it is possible for almost any device to quickly connect with a cloud service and access the information required. The â€Å"cloud computing† concept minimizes the upfront cost of infrastructure and allows the enterprise focus on project, which will differentiate the business itself rather than the infrastructure which will be avoided. Many author have made the attempt to describe it, Buyya et al. efined it as a â€Å"cloud is a parallel and distributed computing system consisting of a collection of inter-connected and virtualised computer that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources based on a service level agreements established through negotiation between the service provider and consumer. † The key characteristic of cloud computing are: (1) illusion of non ending computing resources, (2) with the use cloud computers up- front commitment is eliminated, (3) ability to pay for use as needed, (4) self service interface and (5) resources that are virtualised. The concept of Cloud computing had benefited the hospitality industry in many ways, such as: A hotel can eliminate the large upfront costs from acquiring computational assets and the typical time delay in building out and developing computer software app. By eliminating upfront cost hotel can save its precious capital to take future business decisions. It allows user to access system through web browser from anywhere at any time, user can access through any device, like pc, laptops, mobile etc. with the use of internet. It improve the business performance and the service delivery, the maintenance cost of cloud computing is very low. Some other benefits which a hotel can get from cloud computing includes low upfront costs, minimal IT infrastructures and easy access across multiple properties. Cloud has a pay-as-you-go service requires minimal investment and offers better technology at a lower cost. 1. Social media 2. 0 Successful social media programs that have value meld top technology and sales best practices By Gina LaVecchia Ragone 2. Social Media the Hospitality Industry by Forest Time, Demand Media . M. Miller, Cloud Computing: Web-based applications that change the way you work and collaborate online, Que, 2008. 4. R. Buyya, C. S. Yeo, and S Venugopal, Market-oriented cloud computing: Vision, hype, and reality for delivering IT services as computing utilities, in Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC 2008, IEEE CS Press, L os Alamitos, CA, USA), Dalian, China, September 2527, 2008. 5. Khan, K. M. , Malluhi, Q. (2010). Establishing trust in cloud computing. IT Professional Magazine, 12(5), 20-27. How to cite Hospitality Information Technology Strategy, Essays

Herbal Supplements Essay Research Paper Jeff Reese free essay sample

Herbal Supplements Essay, Research Paper Jeff Reese was a bright, energetic scholar-athlete at the University of Michigan when he died all of a sudden on December 9, 1997. His decease came as a entire daze because, as a grappler, Reese was a fit immature adult male without any known medical conditions. The necropsy said the cause of decease was # 8220 ; rhabdomyolysis, # 8221 ; a cellular dislocation of skeletal musculus. His household, friends, physicians, and the NCAA all think Reese # 8217 ; s decease was caused by the addendum creatine Reese was taking to better his wrestle accomplishments. This unfortunate narrative high spots a turning job in America today, viz. the usage of addendums. The September 22, 1998 New York Times states that addendums can be loosely defined to include herbs, aminic acids, botanical infusions, quasi-vitamins every bit good as existent vitamins and minerals. Harmonizing to the September 8, 1998 Los Angeles Times, the addendums concern is going large concern, grossing $ 18 million dollars in one-year gross revenues. The April 30, 1998 USA Today reports that more than 130 million Americans on a regular basis usage addendums. Unfortunately, there are figure of jobs related to addendums that pose a figure of critical dangers to consumers. The bulk of these dangers can be linked to one individual job overall, the deficiency of equal labeling. Today we will research one of the most distressing jobs in society today, that being supplement labeling. We will get down by first, researching the dangers associated with addendum labeling. Second, we will place why these dangers exist. And eventually, we will analyze what steps we can take to protect ourselves when taking addendums Ira Flatow in NPR # 8217 ; s September 25, 1998 edition of Talk of the Nation points out that there are over 20,000 addendums on the market today. Unfortunately, there are a figure of dangers associated with these addendums because of their labeling. Those dangers include deceptive labels, hapless FDA ordinance, and the deficiency proper medical research on addendums. The first danger associated with addendums labeling is that current labels mislead the populace. The August 28, 1998 Regulatory Intelligence Data Agency states that the DSHEA or the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 allows dietetic addendums to do claims that a merchandise MAY impact the construction or operation of the organic structure # 8211 ; but CAN NOT do claims that they can handle, name, remedy or forestall a disease. In add-on, addendums labels are non ever clear about what they may or may non make, therefore confounding consumers about the addendums different utilizations. For illustration, the February 1998 Scientific American states that makers have interpreted the jurisprudence really liberally, doing package statements like # 8220 ; Clinically Proven to Improve Memory and Concentration. # 8221 ; To the uninformed consumer, this statement implies legitimacy to addendums when that legitimacy truly has non been established. A 2nd danger stems from the deficiency of equal FDA ordinance sing addendums. Harmonizing to the September 1, 1998 FDA Consumer, the DSHEA expanded the types of merchandises that could be marketed as # 8220 ; addendums # 8221 ; beyond indispensable foods to include vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, aminic acids, and any dressed ore, metabolite, component, infusion, or any combination of such ingredients. This means ANYTHING could be considered an indispensable food and therefore be marketed as a addendum. A 3rd danger centres on the deficiency of proper research on addendums and their effectivity. The New York Times of September 17, 1998 studies that unlike drugs, dietetic addendums do non hold to be proven safe and effectual before they are put on the market. Bruce Silverglade, legal personal businesss manager for The Center for Science in the Public Interest, said in the August 7, 1998 Biloxi Sun Herald that Congress and the DSHEA has handcuffed the FDA by # 8220 ; leting dietetic addendum companies to do claims without first turn outing they # 8217 ; re true. # 8221 ; Dr. Marcia Angell, executive manager of the New England Journal of Medicine, states that if addendums were held to the same criterions as drugs, the # 8220 ; onus would be on the makers to turn out safety and efficaciousness, and I think most of them would close down. # 8221 ; Because addendums are non tested, consumers are seting themselves at hazard when they use them. Now that we are more familiar with the dangers that exist, we can now turn our attending to why these dangers will go on to be in the hereafter. To make this, we will turn our attending to the new FDA addendum jurisprudence and research why this new jurisprudence will non turn to current labeling jobs. Harmonizing to the January/February 1998 FDA Consumer, new labeling regulations will take topographic point following month. These intelligence labels will incorporate information about appropriate helpings, how addendums should be referred to on a label and when merchandises can utilize the footings # 8220 ; high authority # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; antioxidants. # 8221 ; What is dismaying about this new jurisprudence is that it does non turn to the cardinal jobs linked to addendums. The first ground why this new jurisprudence will be uneffective is because these new labels still will non protect consumers from addendums or warn them of side effects. Prevention # 8217 ; s Guide to Healing Herbs fro thousand September 29, 1998 provinces that makers are prohibited from labeling herb merchandises to stipulate possible side effects. That’s because the FDA positions posting this information as doing medicative claims. What that means to us is that we can non be truly certain what is in a addendum because of uncomplete labeling. A 2nd ground this new jurisprudence will non work is because the FDA does non look into addendum labeling to guarantee they contain the right ingredient contents. The New York Times reminds us that # 8220 ; There are presently no federal ordinances that set up scientific standards for pureness, designation, and fabrication processs of dietetic addendums, # 8221 ; which means # 8220 ; manufacturers can set in merely about anything they want, including no active ingredient at all, and there is still no warrant that what is says on the label is what is in the bottle. # 8221 ; And that is precisely what addendum manufacturers do. The June 22, 1998 Business Week studies that a Mississippi watchdog group checked 107 merchandises to look into their label truth. It found that over one-half deviated in ingredient content by 20 % or more. Despite this, the new jurisprudence still will non necessitate the FDA to look into merchandises to do certain labels accurately list dose sums. Finally, without any type of proper research on addendums, no sum of regulations modulating the addendums will assist us the consumer determine if they are safe or non. Manufacturers are non required by the FDA to prove their merchandises, so most do non. Prevention # 8217 ; s Guide points out that herb sellers are unwilling to blast out the $ 200+ million dollars it would take to acquire a medicative claim on a herb, one because of the cost, and two, because sellers can non patent the benefits of a works. So herbs remain classified as herbs. And we, as the consumer, may non truly cognize what we are taking or in what sums. It is clear that there are a batch of danger associated with addendum labeling, and that the new jurisprudence taking consequence following month won # 8217 ; t work out those jobs. But there are stairss we can take as consumers to protect ourselves from addendums. First, we need to retrieve that addendums are so drugs. The September 6, 1998 Chicago Tribune states that people merely wear # 8217 ; t view the progressively popular # 8216 ; natural addendums # 8217 ; as drugs because they manner the merchandises are described on their labels. But addendums are drugs, and cautiousness should be exercised when taking them. Second, look at your addendum # 8217 ; s label closely. The May 1, 1998 Medical Education and Research Foundation suggests that you buy merchandises with an U.S.P. label, bespeaking that the supplement meets disintegration criterions created by the US Pharmacopoeia. If the merchandise doesn # 8217 ; Ts have a U.S.P label, see buying a different one. Third, maintain on the sentinel for deceitful merchandises. These merchandises may hold written on their labels questionable statements like # 8220 ; laboratory-tested # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; quality and authority guaranteed. # 8221 ; Or addendums may utilize pseudomedical slang like # 8220 ; detoxicate, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; sublimate, # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; stimulate # 8221 ; to depict a merchandise # 8217 ; s effects, slang that is truly obscure and difficult to mensurate. Besides be wary of merchandises that claim to be a # 8220 ; secret remedy # 8221 ; or utilize such footings like # 8220 ; discovery, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; charming, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; miracle remedy, # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; new discovery. # 8221 ; The lone find you might do is how much you are passing on worthless merchandises. Fourth, ever look into with your physician before taking addendums, particularly if you are taking prescription medical specialty. The September 22, 1998 New York Times states that most people who take nonprescription dietetic addendums neer report that fact to their doctors. For illustration, those who take the medical specialty Prozac are told non to take St. John # 8217 ; s Wort as a addendum. Uniting the two could do inauspicious reactions and diminish the effectivity of the fluoxetine. Besides, if you are hospitalized for any ground, do certain your physician knows of all drugs you are taking, including addendums. By informing your physician, he or she may be better able to name your jobs every bit good as brand sure you don # 8217 ; Ts take any drugs that might adversely respond with the addendums. Finally, if you continue to take addendums, take them with repasts, when everything is go throughing through the digestive piece of land at a slower rate and the pill is hence more likely to fade out decently. This will assist in forestalling any unwanted jobs, medical or otherwise. Today we have looked at the job of addendums labeling, the causes of the job, and what we can make to protect ourselves from addendums. We found that the FDA is non making plenty to inform or warn consumers about addendums, despite new regulations increasing the sum of information on addendum labels. Until the regulations change, it # 8217 ; s up to us to do certain we are protecting ourselves from possible unsafe addendums. So, as you cruise the aisle of your local wellness nutrient shop or WalMart, and are tempted to make for a bottle of Gingkoba or Ginseng, expression before buying. Remember Jeff Reese # 8217 ; s decease, a decease that could hold been prevented. Addendums may sound good, but until the FDA tightens up its labeling demands and consumers know what they are taking, you might be better off avoiding natural addendums wholly.

Unions Essay Example For Students

Unions Essay The union movement of the late 19th century by Eli Hatch During 1870 through 1900 workers joined together; responding to the power of their employers caused by the growth of industrialization. The worker did not always have the luxury of leaving after eight hours of work, the right to representation, or the even the right to work in a safe environment. The working people of nineteenth century America had to unite in struggle to achieve the gains that are often taken selfishly and taken for granted today. There were many successes and failures in organized labor; the successes were often obtained through the loss of the worker, often through lost wages, jobs, or even death. The organization structure of the union during 1870 through 1900 went through different cycles and strategies to achieve what they wanted. We will write a custom essay on Unions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One of the first effective regional organized unions was the Knights of Labor formed in 1869. The knights took in not only skilled workers but also any worker that could be truly classified as a producer. The knights took their peek in 1885 when strikes against Union Pacific, Southwest System, and Wabash railroads attracted public sympathy and succeeded in preventing a reduction in wages, at this time they boasted a membership of 700,000. 1886 was a troubled year for labor relations. There were nearly 1,600 strikes involving 600,000 workers, with the eight-hour day being the important item for all of the strikes. Failure of some of the strikes and internal conflicts between the skilled workers and the unskilled led to a decline in the Knights popularity and influence. Another organization called the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions created a constitution that other unions could adhere to. This constitution met in Pittsburgh on Nov. 15 1881 and was created by representatives of the cigar makers, the printers, the merchant seamen, steel workers, carpenters and local units of the Knights of Labor. One of the most important items in the constitution created by the FOTLU recommended that the legal eight-hour work day be an objective for every union to achieve. The FOTLU thus accelerated a strong national push for a shorter work week. The AFL grew from 140,000 in 1886 to nearly on million by 1900. With these strengths in numbers they often preferred striking over political action. The struggle for workers rights, wage increases and protests against wage cuts were often unsuccessful resulting in violence and death. Chicago workers were agitating for the eight-hour work day for months. On May 1st and 2nd 1886 were eighty thousand workers went on strike, bringing most of Chicagos manufacturing to a standstill. On May 3rd a fight between hundreds of strikers and non-union replacements broke out. Chicago police quickly moved in to restore order, leaving four unionists dead and many wounded. Angered by the deadly force of the police a group of anarchists called on workers to arm themselves and participate in the massive protest demonstration in Haymarket Square on May 4. Only 3,000 members assembled and started out peacefully until late evening when someone still not known to this day threw a bomb that killed seven policemen and injured 67 others. Even though no evidence was ever found about who threw the bomb four anarchists were found guilty and sentenced to death. Ever since the Haymarket square symbolized for radicals and trade unionists everywhere the injustice of a capitalistic society but also associated negatively unions as un-American, criminalistic, and violent. Many other activists died or received injuries for their cause all around the country. In July of 1877 strike riots halted the movement of U. .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .postImageUrl , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:hover , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:visited , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:active { border:0!important; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:active , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arts In Culture EssayS. railroads. After a few weeks of shutting down most of countries railroad system federal troops were sent in to try to end the nationwide strike. This resulted in more violence and death; in Chicago for example federal troops killed 30 workers and wounded over 100. On June 14, 1877 in Pennsylvania ten coal-mining activists were hanged. October 1887 the Louisiana militia shot 35 unarmed black sugar workers striking to gain a dollar-per-day wage and lynched two strike leaders. 1894 federal troops killed 34 American Railway Union members in Chicago attempting to break a strike. July 1892 three hundred Pinkerton guards helped

Exam 2 Practice Questions Essay Example

Exam 2 Practice Questions Essay Example Exam 2 Practice Questions Paper Exam 2 Practice Questions Paper Essay Topic: Literature The basic principles of reinforcement are complex because Different people react differently to the same reinforcement, people are unable to repeat the desired behavior, and there are many potential reinforcers that must be considered Which of the following are guidelines for implementing behavior programs Consequences should be stated clearly, target behaviors must be defined in observable terms, behaviors should not be recorded In the study of a team of swimmers by Mckenzie and Rushall, An attendance board was used to track attendance at swim practice and the swimmers showed a significant increase in attendance after the intervention Feedback can provide instructional information about The specific behaviors to be performed, the levels of proficiency to be achieved, and the performers current level of proficiency in the desired skills According to the TARGET acronym, which of the following is not a measure to use to foster a mastery-oriented environment? Affiliation Which of the following statements are true? Every reward has both controlling and informational aspects to it, a negative coaching style (mostly critical in nature) can lead to a decrease in intrinsic motivation, and rewarding for mere participation in a sport will typically undermine the participants intrinsic motivation The study by Lepper and Greene investigating the effects of external rewards on intrinsic motivation of children found that The type of reward was important regarding its effects on intrinsic motivation and the expected-reward condition had the lowest levels of intrinsic motivation (compared to no reward and unexpected rewards) According to the results of Komaki and Barnetts study of a Pop Warner football team, The team performed three plays more effectively after the intervention A recent study (Amorose Horn, 2000) showed that changes in intrinsic motivation occurred primarily because of Coaching behaviors What is not a dimension of flow? High levels of arousal What is seen as the most extrinsically motivated behavior? External regulation Ryans studies on the relationship between scholarships and intrinsic motivation revealed that Wrestlers on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than wrestlers not on scholarship and female athletes on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than female athletes not on scholarship A study on reducing inappropriate tennis behaviors using behavior modification techniques revealed that Inappropriate behaviors were significantly reduced for all 5 players Which of the following is not true of reinforcement? The consequences of behavior are not as important as ones personality In a recent study on the relationship between holding scholarships and levels of intrinsic motivation in collegiate athletes, Amorose, Horn, and Miller found that Athletes on scholarship had lower levels of intrinsic motivation in general than did athletes not on scholarship An individual will have a higher level of intrinsic motivation when The informational aspect is more salient than the controlling aspect Which of the following is not one of the psychological needs included in self-determination theory? Confidence According to McAuleys and Tammens study on intrinsic motivation and subjective versus objective outcomes, Subjective perceptions of performance are the most important determinants of intrinsic motivation Backward chaining (as used by OBrien and Simek in their golf study) refers to Pairing the last step in a series of movements with the next-to-last step all the way through the movement until the second step is paired with the first step Which of the following statements are true regarding flow? Most athletes feel flow is a controllable state, athletes can learn to get into a flow state, flow is related to improvements in psychological states Besides rewarding the outcome of a persons performance (success), other areas that should be rewarded include Effort, emotional and social skills, and correct performance of the skill itself In a review of studies investigating the effects of performance feedback, it was found that performance increased approximately 50% Potential negative side effects of punishment include its Arousing a fear of failure, acting as a reinforcer, and hindering the learning of skills The additive approach to the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation suggests that Intrinsic plus extrinsic motivation equals more motivation Research by psychologists such as Edward Deci has shown that Extrinsic rewards undermined intrinsic motivation Behavioral coaching, behavioral modification, and contigency management have in common the goal of Structuring practices through the systematic use of reinforcement According to Weinbergs study on intrinsic motivation in a competitive setting, Success produces higher levels of intrinsic motivation than does failure and males exhibit higher levels of intrinsic motivation after success than after failure Flow is maximized when you are competing against an opponent Of equal ability Which of the following factors have been identified in preventing flow from occurring? Inappropriate focus, lack of confidence, and motivation to perform Receiving a reward that provides feedback concerning an athletes sense of competence is an example of The informational aspect of reward Rewards typically undermine intrinsic motivation when the reward is For mere participation, not tied to the quality of ones performance, and controlling in nature Which of the following statements are true? The amount of positive feedback is less important than receiving some type of positive feedback and getting positive feedback produces higher levels of intrinsic motivation than getting no feedback Most coaches approach reinforcement and punishment by A combination of positive reinforcement and punishment Shaping occurs when Rewards are given to behaviors that approximate the correct response Which of the following are factors deemed important to achieving flow? Confidence, maintaining appropriate focus, and optimal environmental conditions Which of the following is a competitive situation according to Martenss definition of the objective competitive situation? A runner competing in a 100-yard dash and a swimmer working out with his coach watching him Of all the experimental games used by psychologists to study the effects of competition and cooperation, the most often used game is Prisoners Dilemma The key part of Martenss definition of competition is Social Comparison In Kelley and Stahelskis study using the prisoners dilemma game, they found that Competitors drew cooperators into competition Which of the following is NOT a type of competitive orientation measured by the Sport Orientation Questionnaire? Fear-of-Failure Orientation Which of the following statements is (are) true? Varsity athletes are no different from nonathletes in terms of eventual career success outside of competitive sport. In the field experiments conducted by Sherif and Sherif, the experimenters first Created strong group identity Indicate any principle here that is NOT derived from the psychological studies on competition and cooperation People are born either competitive or cooperative. Coakley defines competition as A social process that occurs when rewards are distributed on the basis of comparative performance In relation to the subjective competitive situation (stage 2), which of the following is (are) true? Males score higher than females on win orientation; Females score higher than males on goal orientation; Athletes score higher than nonathletes in competitive orientation. Team sports of basketball and football are examples of which of the following classification of games? Cooperative MeansCompetitive Ends Which of the following behaviors would not support a cooperative learning environment? Extrinsic Rewards Emphasized According to Coakley, which of the following is (are) characteristic of unstructured youth sport? Personal involvement in the action is maximized; It provides opportunities to reaffirm friendships; Teams are relatively even. Which of the following is NOT a stage in Martenss model of competition? Social Comparison In his study of the effects of a 14-week program of cooperative games, Orlick found that Kids exposed to cooperative games engaged in three times as much cooperative behavior during free play as did kids in the control group and games played by the control group tended to emphasize individualistic concerns Deutschs study on competition and cooperation found that Communication patterns differed significantly based on whether subjects were given cooperative or competitive instructions; students receiving competitive instructions exhibited closed communication and mistrust; students receiving cooperative instructions communicated openly and shared information Coakley defines cooperation as A social process through which performance is rewarded in terms of the collective achievements of the group Which of the following is (are) characteristic of cooperative games? They require little equipment or money; They emphasize participation by all players; Players learn from mistakes rather than hide from them. Cooperative reward structures are more effective in which of the following situations? During work on tasks that are complex and that involve problem solving The first experiment investigating the effects of competition on performance was conducted in 1898 by Triplett One athlete looks forward to competition while another dreads the upcoming event. This is an example of The subjective competitive situation Which of the following is (are) true? Competitors cause cooperators to compete. In Aschs experiment of line-comparison judgments, _____ of the subjects conformed to the group norm. 1/3 One way athletes interpret whether they are being treated fairly is based on The coachs manner in communicating her views to the athletes and the degree of compatibility between the coachs and athletes skill assessments of the athlete Social loafing is increased under which of the following conditions? A comparison against group standards is not possible Team climate can be defined as A representation of how an individual perceives the interrelationships among the team members The results of a study by Ingham et al. (1974) using rope pulling, in which confederates were thought to be pulling on the rope but in fact were not, indicated that differences between actual and potential performances were due to a decrease in motivation In the pendulum example of the Indiana basketball team, which of the following is (are) a stage of group development? Orientation; differentiation and conflict; resolution and cohesion According to Christian Buys, there are several negative aspects of group formation. These negative aspects include Conformity; Social Loafing; Deindividuation The phenomenon in which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases is known as the Ringlemann Effect Which of the following is (are) true? Pendular models emphasize shifts in interpersonal relationships during growth of groups and Life cycle models emphasize the birth and death of groups. Which of the following can help reduce the occurrence of social loafing? increasing identifiability and breaking down the team into smaller units Research has indicated that social support can have a positive impact on which of the following? Recovery from injury; Coping with stress; Team cohesion Role acceptance depends on autonomy; feedback and role recognition; role significance If a rookie tried to take charge and exert leadership in critical games despite the fact that there was a veteran leader on the team, this would be considered a violation of Group Norms Team building is considered part of which stage of team development? Forming Which of the following is not a key defining characteristic of a group? Having individual goals One effective method for establishing positive group norms is to Enlist the formal and informal leaders of a team to set positive examples Which of the following is (are) part of the norming stage? role acceptance; increase in cooperation and solidarity; conflict resolution A level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief that is formally or informally established as appropriate by a group is called a Norm Which of the following can facilitate team transition when an athlete disengages from a team? clarifying role differentiations and increasing an individuals awareness of disengagement Having athletes eat together or live together is an example of which factor that is important in developing an effective team climate? Proximity Formal roles, in contrast to informal roles, are a set of behaviors that are required or expected of persons in a group and are dictated by the nature and structure of an organization and include such roles as team captain, coach, and athletic trainer Which of the following is NOT one of the principles underlying the team-building model developed by Carron and colleagues? Autocratic Leadership Style Which of the following statements about cohesion is (are) true? Higher normative expectations are associated with higher levels of cohesion and More sacrifices are made by players when cohesion is high. Using the Group Environmental Questionnaire, research has revealed that group cohesion is related to which of the following? reduced absenteeism; increased member satisfaction; attributions for responsibility for performance outcomes The number of athletes holding scholarships and the eligibility requirements are examples of which antecedent of cohesion? Environmental Factors Which of the following statements about building cohesion is (are) true? Set goals that are easy to accomplish to keep up spirit and Encourage team identity. From an athlete perspective, to help build team cohesion you should give teammates positive reinforcement and be responsible for yourself Michael Jordan spoke about everyone on the team coming together (cohesion) when they stepped between the lines. This belief in one another is known as Collective Efficacy Which of the following statements is (are) true? There is a positive relationship between task cohesion and performance. Task and affiliation motivation are examples of which antecedent of cohesion? Personal Factors Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between cohesion and performance? Circular Which of the following statements is true? The cohesion-performance relationship is positive for interactive sports. Which of the following tips can build team cohesion? Develop pride within subunits and Avoid excessive turnover. Which of the following is NOT a construct identified in the Group Environment Questionnaire? Group Attraction-Environmental According to Carron and Dennis, the most important personal factor regarding the development of social and task cohesion i Individual Satisfaction A sociogram is An illustration of affiliation and attraction among team members In setting up a team goal-setting program, which of the following guidelines should be followed? Involve all team members in establishing goals; Set specific and challenging goals; Reward progress toward team goals. Which of the following was (were) found to be a barrier to cohesion? Members struggling for power According to the latest definition provided by Carron, Widmeyer, and Brawley, cohesion is seen to be Instrumental Which of the following sports requires the highest level of task cohesion? Basketball and Ice Hockey Individuals holding stronger beliefs about the cohesiveness of exercise classes are more likely to attend more classes and more resistant to group disruption The dimensions of the Multidimensional Sport Cohesion Instrument include attraction to the group; unity of purpose; quality of teamwork What are the two major categories of behavior from the Coaching Behavior Assessment System? Reactive and Spontaneous Which of the following is (are) FALSE concerning findings from studies of the antecedent conditions that affect leader behavior? Females prefer an autocratic style more than males do Which of the following statements is (are) true? Athletes high on internal locus of control prefer training and instruction coaching behaviors Smith and Smolls studies on coaching behaviors and Little League coaches found that Coaches can change their behaviors to become more positive According to Fiedlers contingency model, a relationship-oriented leader would be most effective under which type of situation? Moderately Favorable When coaches obtain the necessary information from relevant players and then come to a decision, what type of decision style are they using? Autocratic-Consultative According to the Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership, performance and satisfaction are a function of the degree of congruence among 3 types of leadership behavior Regardless of age, athletes preferred coaches who Gave positive feedback and gave technical instruction The study using interviews of elite gymnastic coaches (Cote, Salmela, Russell) showed that expert coaches most often exhibited which of the following behaviors? Pushed gymnasts by constantly issuing threats and yelling According to results obtained in studies using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, successful leaders tend to score High on both consideration and initiating structure Which of the following is (are) a guideline put forth based on 25 years of Smith and Smolls research? maintain clear expectations; reinforce effort as much as results; give encouragement and corrective instructional feedback immediately after a mistake The two major categories of behavior found using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire are Consideration and Initiating Structure The Leadership Scale for Sports identifies which coaching behaviors? social support; democratic; autocratic Great leaders are made, not born. This statement is an example of which approach to leadership? Behavioral In most organized sport teams, leaders and coaches are appointed In their classic study of the coaching (leadership) behaviors of legendary basketball coach John Wooden, Tharp and Gallimore found that his most often used coaching behavior was Verbal instructions on what to do and how to do it Great leaders are born, not made. This statement is an example of which approach to leadership? Trait Fiedlers research has identified which two types of leadership styles? Relationship Oriented and Task Oriented Which of the following results from Smith and Smolls studies on coaching behaviors is (are) true? Players for coaches who displayed high levels of general technical instruction evaluated their teammates and sport more positively According to successful professional football coach Bill Parcells, which of the following is NOT a quality of successful leadership? Trust The definition of leadership usually seen in the literature is The behavioral process of influencing individuals and groups toward set goals Supportive listening behaviors are empathetic and remain open to new ideas Intrapersonal communication is communication with yourself Which of the following would you NOT suggest for communicating with empathy? Make sure the other person understands your point of view What percentage of the time during communication is spent listening? 40% When there is a communication breakdown, most people believe that the problem resides with the other person Which of the following would you NOT suggest for communicating with consistency? Show more compassion in competition than in practices Which of the following general guidelines is (are) helpful to follow when facing confrontations? understand and be tentative Which of the following things should you NOT do during a confrontation? stop communicating; communicate the solution; rely on nonverbal cues to communicate After taking Sullivans communication training, athletes had the following reactions to the workshop: it helps to know the goals of my teammates and it is scary to open up, but this makes things easier The sandwich approach consists of which of the following elements? a positive statement and future-oriented instructions Proxemics is the study of how we communicate by the way we use space Supportive language has which of the following characteristics? Descriptive Breakdowns in communication can occur because the receiver fails to listen; the receiver misinterprets the message;the messages are inconsistent Sullivan devised seven communication exercises to promote more effective communication. Athletes said they would try to practice the following communication skills not interrupt others when they are speaking and confront issues right away Which of the following is NOT a type of communication? Introspective Communication Which of the following is NOT an element of communication? Paraphrasing the message Which of the following would you suggest for expressing anger in a positive manner? Try to attack the persons character to make your point Nonverbal behaviors that communicate interest and attention include which of the following? Maintaining eye contact Which of the following is (are) NOT a principle of communication when setting up team meetings? What is discussed in the meeting is open to others outside the meeting

Physical Properties of Matter

Physical Properties of Matter Physical properties are any properties of matter which can be perceived or observed without changing the chemical identity of the sample. In contrast, chemical properties are those that can only be observed and measured by performing a chemical reaction, thus changing the molecular structure of the sample. Because physical properties include such a wide array of characteristics, they are further classified as either intensive or extensive and either isotropic or anisotropic. Intensive and Extensive Physical Properties Physical properties may be classified as either intensive or extensive. Intensive physical properties do not depend on the samples size or mass.  Examples of intensive properties include boiling point, state of matter, and density. Extensive physical properties depend on the amount of matter in the sample. Examples of extensive properties include size, mass, and volume. Isotropic and Anisotropic Properties Physical properties are isotropic properties if they do not depend on the orientation of the specimen or direction from which it is observed. The properties are anisotropic properties if they do depend on the orientation. While any physical property could be assigned as isotropic or anisotropic, the terms are usually applied to help identify or distinguish materials based on their optical and mechanical properties. For example, one crystal might be isotropic with respect to color and opacity, while another might appear a different color, depending on the viewing axis. In a metal, grains might be distorted or elongated along one axis compared with another. Examples of Physical Properties Any property you can see, smell, touch, hear or otherwise detect and measure without performing a chemical reaction is a physical property. Examples of physical properties include: colorshapevolumedensitytemperatureboiling pointviscositypressuresolubilityelectric charge Image By Marc Gutierrez / Getty Images Physical Properties of Ionic vs. Covalent Compounds The nature of chemical bonds plays a role in some of the physical properties that may be displayed by a material. The ions in ionic compounds are strongly attracted to other ions with opposite charge and repelled by like charges. Atoms in covalent molecules are stable and not strongly attracted or repelled by other parts of the material. As a consequence ionic solids tend to have higher melting points and boiling points, compared with low melting and boiling points of covalent solids. Ionic compounds tend to be electrical conductors when they are melted or dissolved, while covalent compounds tend to be poor conductors in any form. Ionic compounds are usually crystalline solids, while covalent molecules may exist as liquids, gases, or solids. Ionic compounds often dissolve in water and other polar solvents, while covalent compounds are more likely to dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Physical Properties vs. Chemical Properties Chemical properties encompass those characteristics of matter which can only be observed by changing the chemical identity of a sample, which is to say, by examining its behavior in a chemical reaction. Examples of chemical properties include flammability (observed from combustion), reactivity (measured by readiness to participate in a reaction), and toxicity (demonstrated by exposing an organism to a chemical). Chemical and Physical Changes Chemical and physical properties are related to chemical and physical changes. A physical change only alters the shape or appearance of a sample and not its chemical identity. A chemical change is a chemical reaction, which rearranges a sample on a molecular level.

Products Liability Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Products Liability - Research Paper Example Company description The Ford Motor Company is one of the leading manufacturers of vehicles and has a strong position in the global automotive market. The company widely engages in the development, manufacturing, distribution and service of vehicles, parts and their accessories. Ford corporate philosophy of stable improvement powerfully contributes to its immense achievement. The company endeavors to enhance its car products to appeal to its customers both buyers and potential buyers. At present, it concentrates on an advanced generation of consumers and creating stronger ties with this youthful market. As a result of its novel strategy, Ford has created a new line of vehicles, targeting the generation of â€Å"cool† and Ford main competitors include Toyota motor Company and GM motors (Steering Committee on Product Liability and Innovation, National Academy of Engineering, 2004). The product safety issue that led to the lawsuit Ford Motor Company was recently involved in an acc ident involving a 15 passenger Ford F-350 Econoline Van. Information shows that the van skidded off northbound interstate 5 in Kern County after the tread separated on its rear right tire. It becomes evident that evidence from the trial testified that the Ford officials had earlier on been contacted by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and knew that the product was defective, but the company officials never made any effort to conduct its dealers or its customers. Further evidence also shows that one of the men killed in the rollover was not wearing a seat belt during the accident. The panel also found that it would not have mattered in a crash in which the van rolled over four times while travelling at 70 miles per hour. Ford was then assessed with 59 percent comparative fault. It was also assessed $50,000,000 in punitive damages as a result of the accident (Steering Committee on Product Liability and Innovation, National Academy of Engineering, 2004). The legal theories used by the plaintiff to recover in this lawsuit, how the lawsuit was resolved, and why you agree with the decision in the case The legal theory applied in the above case is product liability and negligence. The theory states that any injuries, death or any loss which may be as a result of a person or entity's negligence to fulfill any legal duty owed to another may be responsible for the act. These injuries are based on the legal theory of product liability and negligence and for one to establish a legal claim for negligence, it is required that the plaintiff must show that the defendant had a legal duty, the defendant breached that duty and this breach was the proximate cause of the plaintiff injuries and the plaintiff was injured or even damaged in one way or the other. While laws may differ from state to state, deaths or injuries may be imposed for negligence (Birsch & Fielder, 2004). For instance, Kristi D. Roofer one of the plaintiffs sued the company over the manufacturers who sold t he van which was involved in that accident as Ford failed to establish that no genuine issue of material fact exists. The lawsuit argues that the vehicle was defective and unreasonably dangerous and ultimately caused the death of the passengers. The defendant is accused of negligence for failing to design and manufacture a crashworthy vehicle and with proper seat belts to reduce accident deaths