The Future of Genetic Enhancement Essay - 1090 Words

Genetic enhancement appears to be inevitable since technology is making a rapid turn towards genetic enhancement. Because of this fact, concerns over how beneficial or harmful genetic enhancement would be in the future have arisen. We, as a society, need to analyze both sides and decide for ourselves whether we should support the progression of genetic enhancement or do everything in our power to stall or halt it. Genetic enhancement refers to the use of genetic engineering to modify a person’s nonpathological human traits. This concept is aimed at improving the quality of life of humans. Baylis and Robert suggest that, using genetic enhancement, a person could make a physical alternation like increasing muscle mass or slowing down the†¦show more content†¦Benefits from genetic enhancements are widespread. These benefits are evident in physical, intellectual, psychological, and even moral enhancements. One of these benefits is undesired inherited conditions which can be eliminated through genetic enhancement. Some parents believe they should have the choice of preventing inherited diseases from being passed on from one generation to the next. Most of these parents also want to make informed reproductive choices without outside pressures (Iredale, Longley, Thomas, Shaw, 2006). With this physical enhancement, parents could get rid of all the traits they are concerned about and e nd up with healthy, disease- free children. Baylis and Robert suggest that a physical enhancement that could be considered beneficial is reducing sleep dependence (2004). A procrastinating undergraduate student who needs to study for a final or write a term paper could use this enhancement for their own benefit. Military personnel could have the opportunity to conduct more missions and with better precision if they are not sleep deprived. Surgeons would be able to perform surgeries more frequently and with greater accuracy. As a society, reducing sleep dependence would push us toward accomplishing more and greater objectives that otherwise would be impossible because of the amount of time we spend sleeping. Baylis and Robert also argue that psychological and moral enhancements could be beneficial to our society. With geneticShow MoreRelatedThe Future is Here: Genetic Enhancement Essay1762 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout history, society has always placed value on being bigger, stro nger, and faster by any means necessary to obtain these abilities. In order to obtain these abilities, society use genetic enhancements. A genetic enhancement is the use of genetic engineering to modify an individual’s biological traits; in addition, it is the alteration of genes in an individual’s body. Scientists are able to alter individual’s genotype with the purpose of choosing desired phenotype of a newborn. The processRead MoreThe Ethics of Genetically Enhancing Children Essay1330 Words   |  6 Pagesthe genetic makeup of their offspring makes children seem like a commodity in a genetic free market. Thoughts of a dystopian society like the one in the film â€Å"Gattaca† come to mind. However, taking an immediate repugnant stand against genetic enhancement is not well-founded. A more open-minded inspection of the issue reveals that the idea of parents improving their children’s life prospects through genetic engineering (provided it is safe ) is, at its core, not unethical. In fact, some genetic enhancementRead MoreThe Case Against Perfection by Michael Sandels935 Words   |  4 PagesRecent breakthroughs in the field of genetics and biotechnology have brought attention to the ethical issues surrounding human enhancement. While these breakthroughs have many positive aspects, such as the treatment and prevention of many debilitating diseases and extending human life expectancy well beyond its current limits, there are profound moral implications associated with the ability to manipulate our own nature. Michael Sandel’s â€Å"The Case Against Perfection† examines the ethical and moralRead MoreGenetic Enhancement Should Be A Phenomenal Asset1137 Words   |  5 PagesIn searching for or trying to create the â€Å"perfect† human one turns their attention to genetic enhancement. On one hand genetic enhancement would be a phenomenal asset if it could possibly eradicate some/most/all of the debilitating and/or life-threatening diseases. However, genetic enhancement used merely to achieve a perfect human to accomplish a goal or create a strategic advantage in their future is not ideal. One must understand the distinctions between the two words - perfect human - and understandRead MoreDoes Genetic Enhancements Affect Human Diversity?1412 Words   |  6 PagesThe concern that instances like these will come about if genetic enhancements are allowed in daily practice is not something to take lightly. If certain traits can be decided on beforehand, what is stopping us from trying to get rid of traits the one may consider undesirable, or even less preferable, and completely wiping out a certain trait of human diversity? Even in 2002 there was concern that even the smallest genetic improvement would put us on the slope to eugenics. These are legitimate concernsRead MoreGenetic Enhancements And Environmental Enhancements1012 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough still a very debated subject, gene tic enhancement has been around for many years with the genetic modification of crops. Just this year, researchers from Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou were the first to modify the genomes of human embryos in order to find a way to eliminate genetic diseases. The researchers used the gene editing technique CRISPR/Cas9, which, in layman’s terms, cuts out the bad genes and replaces the gaps with healthy genes. While this is a major scientific advancementRead MoreWhat Makes Us Human Genome? Essay1427 Words   |  6 Pagesbiological discovery meant for the future of humanity. Thirteen years ago, news sources buzzed with hot-topic articles warning us of designer babies and man-made crops. Based on the frantic journalistic climate of the time, one might think us normal people would soon be replaced by post-humans. To find crude evidence for the decade’s excitement (or disdain) for the upcoming human genetics revolution, one needs only check google search trends for wor ds like ‘genetic enhancement’ or ‘designer baby.’ InterestRead MoreHuman Enhancement Should Be Discontinued1627 Words   |  7 Pagesthey think a perfect baby should be. Genetic Engineering or known to the public as designer babies is a term used to describe the use of technology to modify embryos and choose specific traits that parents want for their newborn. Using this new advance in science should bring concern amongst the people; as efforts to create human perfection can lead to recreating the same ideals and standards of Hitler’s principles of perfect looking human being. Human Enhancement should be discontinued because is notRead MoreInsight Into the Past and Present with Science Fiction 0.4 by Mike Lancester574 Words   |  3 Pagessubsequent consequences in the future. 0.4 by Mike Lancester is a science fiction text which evidently represents the discrimination inflicted upon the ‘inferior’ races by the more ‘superiorâ⠂¬â„¢ races. As this aspect of discrimination has occurred in the past, such as the racism faced by Aboriginal people, Lancester gives us an insight into the past of humanity. Furthermore, by exploring the possibility of social hierarchy in the near future due to genetic enhancements, 0.4 provides an insight into Lancester’sRead MoreThe Case Against Perfection By Michael J. Sandel1358 Words   |  6 Pagesrevolution that leads to the most controversial idea; genetic engineering of humans. When science technology grows exponentially faster than moral understanding, therein lies the argument between these two aspects. One can argue that genetic engineering is some sort of vast achievement in technology especially in this modern era whereby people live in full of access. However, if we look closely at the impact of this technology towards human beings, genetic engineering has many flaws and ramifications that

Hospitality Information Technology Strategy Free Essays

string(33) " a social tool of communication\." 1. Hotel utilise e- commerce very effectively for procurement purpose. They purchase essential products necessary for the daily running of the hotel via online websites. We will write a custom essay sample on Hospitality Information Technology Strategy or any similar topic only for you Order Now I would like consider Costa coffee Heathrow in my case study as I am working there presently and it is very much suitable for this case study. The website which Costa uses to purchase its essential products for daily running of the business are: * www. geometric-furniture. co. uk * www. kn-portal. com * www. caterwide. com * www. incorporatewear. com * www. coffeecreation. co. uk * www. bunzlcatering. o. uk Geometric furniture – Geometric Furniture is a design led manufacturer of high quality contract furniture. Established over 40 years ago, Geometric has become one of the UK’s leading contract furniture suppliers. It supplies to number of company like Odeon cinema, Costa Coffee, Oxo Tower, The Warehouse, Ronald Mc Donald house. The best thing about this company is that they deliver they service by themselves, inform their client beforehand about its features. Delivered the product on time without fail and do understand the important of deadline and reliability. Kuehne + Nagel – has got a new contract to manage the distribution of food supply on behalf of Whitbread plc, which is the UK’s largest hotel and restaurant group. Costa has taken the decision to fully outsource its food logistics activities to Kuehne + Nagel because they agreed to undertake delivery of chilled and ambient products to over 700 Costa Coffee outlets seven days per week, and delivery of frozen, chilled and ambient products. The contract is for 5 years and in addition with that Kuehne + Nagel will operate a customer call centre on behalf of Whitbread and manage the ordering of products from designated suppliers. Caterwide – As one of the UK’s largest and fastest growing coffee shop brands, Costa Coffee has been using Torex Inn Touch POS and Caterwide for the past ten years to drive strategic initiatives around cash management, suggested ordering, stock control, labour management and reporting and business processes. One of the key advantages of the Torex solution is that it integrates with Costa Coffee’s loyalty programme, the Costa Coffee Club, whereby customers can collect points when they buy food and drink which can be redeemed against future purchases. Incorporatewear – Incorporatewear, the UK’s premier corporate clothing provider, has been percolating a piece of new business over the past 12 months and is now delighted to pour out the details of its recently signed contract to supply Costa Coffee. Incorporatewear only work with the highest quality materials and the Costa range is no different with shirts and aprons being manufactured from premium poly/cotton fabrics and provides the uniforms for 16,000 Baristas and staff. There are two companies of Whitbread plc which are under the umbrella of incorporatewear that Costa coffee and premier inn. The benefits of it are, advanced call centre telephone system, dedicated client contact number, instant query resolution, experienced team. Bunzl catering supply – is the upcoming leading distributor of non- food consumable to hospitality and catering sector in the UK, it got 10 branches all over the UK provide a responsive and a flexible local service. at each branch they got dedicated customer service team which has good understanding of local business need and provide outstanding customer care from points of order through delivery. We can place order through telephone, fax, email and online as well which include an image catalogue, fast orders, regular buys, and saved basket. when the order has been placed the following information is readily available to them: full customer details including delivery address previous purchase history authorised product list real time stock availability pack sizes and product descriptions Coffee creation (prima coffee service ltd) – has been supplying high quality coffee product from more than 12 years with a passion for quality and attention to details. It’s very easy to place an order with coffee creation; it takes you through each step, finding the item you would like to buy, add the item to your shopping basket, proceeding to checkout, sigh in, enter your details, check and submit your order, provide payment information, get email as the confirmation, tracking down the order. Sometimes they send product for sampling if requested and the customer of coffee creation are cafe Nero, Costa coffee, coffee republic. 2. Critically evaluate your organisation’s website. Discuss its strong and weak points. How user friendly is it? Is it functionality adequate? Put yourself In place of someone who is unfamiliar with the organization. Does it enhance the reputation and encourage further contact? Webpage are the most inexpensive and the most effective way to promote any business especially in coffee shops people are looking for new shops in their neighbourhood and while travelling often start their search on internet. More than half of the marketing job is done if completely describing your cafe on webpage. The website of Costa coffee is quite eye appealing and attractive to customers. It matches the same colours and fonts on their web site as they do in their cafe. By using just the 2,3 colours, consistent fonts and easy navigation it stimulates the cafe itself. Some basic thing which a webpage must have it are, location, opening hours, photo gallery, about the business, menu, and press release. Out of all this Costa coffee explains its business, update press release, latest picture of the product, location of all the stores with opening and closing hours, address 5. What is social media? Identify three different types of social media how they can be of benefit for hotel industry. Social Media is the use of internet-based programs to make interaction with friends, family, classmates, customers and clients. It can be done for social purposes, business purposes or both. The appropriate way to define social media is to split it into two parts, social and media. Media is a tool of communication, like a newspaper or a radio, so social media would be a social tool of communication. You read "Hospitality Information Technology Strategy" in category "Papers" This social tool of communication doesn’t just give the information but interact with you while giving that information. Interaction may be like asking you for to comment in any particular thing, or letting you vote on any article or asking you to rate any movie etc. Social media is a new form of interacting people that allows anyone to become a source of information through new technologies that doesn’t need any previous experience. It also allows the audience to be the author and author to be the audience. Anyone can experience the interaction for free as long as they have internet connection. The popular site of social media includes Facebook, Twitter, Youtube, Flickr and many others. These sites all allow users to post information that can then be commented on, followed or enjoyed by larger social groups and peers. Many Hotels are investing on its use to target market demographic groups or to break through to new potential customers. Now Days mostly all the hotel have Facebook pages and are adding facebookers as friends in an effort to attract new customers and build brand loyalty. There are restaurants that are tweeting out daily specials and/or coupons to give as a gift to their followers. Facebook- one of the most popular of social networking sites which allows users to sign up and add friends and social groups, post information, comment on that information, post photos and become fans of various items or company or group. Hotels create their facebook page to add their customer, to target new market, they post photos of the some special event occurred in hotel and tag their friends (customer), by tagging photo a friend of friends, who is known to the hotel can get to know about the hotel and his or her friend whereabouts. Through this hotel make new customer with the help of Facebook. Example – some Marriott hotels use their Facebook pages to communicate with guests about local and hotel events. (USA Today) Twitter: This is a free social networking and micro blogging service that enables its users to send and read messages known as tweets. Tweets are text-based posts of up to 140 characters displayed on the author’s profile page and delivered to the author’s subscribers who are known as followers. Senders can restrict delivery to those in their circle of friends or, by default, allow open access. Elmore 2010) Twitter also allows hotel employees to start conversations with guests; even a tweet as simple as â€Å"Hope you’re enjoying your stay! † which give a personalized touch that some guests really appreciate that. Hyatt and Hilton hotels are using Twitter as a virtual concierge service to which guests can â€Å"tweet† queries and expect responses within the hour. (USA Today) Youtube : A very popular and free video-sharing  Web site  that allows registered users to upload and share their video clips online at the YouTube. om Web site. To view the videos you are not required to register but to upload the video you need to register with your email accounts. It allows billions of people to browse, watch and share originally-created videos. It creates a group of people to connect, inform, and inspire others across the globe and acts as a distribution platform. The Marriot Resort Stellaris Casino in Puerto Rico uses YouTube to let guests record a 30-second video postcard to send to friends and family through the resort’s YouTube channel. A hotel can use the youtube to promote their own website by sharing and uploading videos of own hotel. 6. What is cloud Computing and explain how it can be used for the hospitality industry? The service provided on internet with the use of computing resources (hardware and software) are called as cloud computing. All data that is being accessed are usually saved in servers, which are in accessible by any unauthorized user. This allows enterprise to maintain faster service and less maintenance from IT. Technology has advanced rapidly in the last couple of years that now it is possible for almost any device to quickly connect with a cloud service and access the information required. The â€Å"cloud computing† concept minimizes the upfront cost of infrastructure and allows the enterprise focus on project, which will differentiate the business itself rather than the infrastructure which will be avoided. Many author have made the attempt to describe it, Buyya et al. efined it as a â€Å"cloud is a parallel and distributed computing system consisting of a collection of inter-connected and virtualised computer that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources based on a service level agreements established through negotiation between the service provider and consumer. † The key characteristic of cloud computing are: (1) illusion of non ending computing resources, (2) with the use cloud computers up- front commitment is eliminated, (3) ability to pay for use as needed, (4) self service interface and (5) resources that are virtualised. The concept of Cloud computing had benefited the hospitality industry in many ways, such as: A hotel can eliminate the large upfront costs from acquiring computational assets and the typical time delay in building out and developing computer software app. By eliminating upfront cost hotel can save its precious capital to take future business decisions. It allows user to access system through web browser from anywhere at any time, user can access through any device, like pc, laptops, mobile etc. with the use of internet. It improve the business performance and the service delivery, the maintenance cost of cloud computing is very low. Some other benefits which a hotel can get from cloud computing includes low upfront costs, minimal IT infrastructures and easy access across multiple properties. Cloud has a pay-as-you-go service requires minimal investment and offers better technology at a lower cost. 1. Social media 2. 0 Successful social media programs that have value meld top technology and sales best practices By Gina LaVecchia Ragone 2. Social Media the Hospitality Industry by Forest Time, Demand Media . M. Miller, Cloud Computing: Web-based applications that change the way you work and collaborate online, Que, 2008. 4. R. Buyya, C. S. Yeo, and S Venugopal, Market-oriented cloud computing: Vision, hype, and reality for delivering IT services as computing utilities, in Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC 2008, IEEE CS Press, L os Alamitos, CA, USA), Dalian, China, September 2527, 2008. 5. Khan, K. M. , Malluhi, Q. (2010). Establishing trust in cloud computing. IT Professional Magazine, 12(5), 20-27. How to cite Hospitality Information Technology Strategy, Essays

Herbal Supplements Essay Research Paper Jeff Reese free essay sample

Herbal Supplements Essay, Research Paper Jeff Reese was a bright, energetic scholar-athlete at the University of Michigan when he died all of a sudden on December 9, 1997. His decease came as a entire daze because, as a grappler, Reese was a fit immature adult male without any known medical conditions. The necropsy said the cause of decease was # 8220 ; rhabdomyolysis, # 8221 ; a cellular dislocation of skeletal musculus. His household, friends, physicians, and the NCAA all think Reese # 8217 ; s decease was caused by the addendum creatine Reese was taking to better his wrestle accomplishments. This unfortunate narrative high spots a turning job in America today, viz. the usage of addendums. The September 22, 1998 New York Times states that addendums can be loosely defined to include herbs, aminic acids, botanical infusions, quasi-vitamins every bit good as existent vitamins and minerals. Harmonizing to the September 8, 1998 Los Angeles Times, the addendums concern is going large concern, grossing $ 18 million dollars in one-year gross revenues. The April 30, 1998 USA Today reports that more than 130 million Americans on a regular basis usage addendums. Unfortunately, there are figure of jobs related to addendums that pose a figure of critical dangers to consumers. The bulk of these dangers can be linked to one individual job overall, the deficiency of equal labeling. Today we will research one of the most distressing jobs in society today, that being supplement labeling. We will get down by first, researching the dangers associated with addendum labeling. Second, we will place why these dangers exist. And eventually, we will analyze what steps we can take to protect ourselves when taking addendums Ira Flatow in NPR # 8217 ; s September 25, 1998 edition of Talk of the Nation points out that there are over 20,000 addendums on the market today. Unfortunately, there are a figure of dangers associated with these addendums because of their labeling. Those dangers include deceptive labels, hapless FDA ordinance, and the deficiency proper medical research on addendums. The first danger associated with addendums labeling is that current labels mislead the populace. The August 28, 1998 Regulatory Intelligence Data Agency states that the DSHEA or the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 allows dietetic addendums to do claims that a merchandise MAY impact the construction or operation of the organic structure # 8211 ; but CAN NOT do claims that they can handle, name, remedy or forestall a disease. In add-on, addendums labels are non ever clear about what they may or may non make, therefore confounding consumers about the addendums different utilizations. For illustration, the February 1998 Scientific American states that makers have interpreted the jurisprudence really liberally, doing package statements like # 8220 ; Clinically Proven to Improve Memory and Concentration. # 8221 ; To the uninformed consumer, this statement implies legitimacy to addendums when that legitimacy truly has non been established. A 2nd danger stems from the deficiency of equal FDA ordinance sing addendums. Harmonizing to the September 1, 1998 FDA Consumer, the DSHEA expanded the types of merchandises that could be marketed as # 8220 ; addendums # 8221 ; beyond indispensable foods to include vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, aminic acids, and any dressed ore, metabolite, component, infusion, or any combination of such ingredients. This means ANYTHING could be considered an indispensable food and therefore be marketed as a addendum. A 3rd danger centres on the deficiency of proper research on addendums and their effectivity. The New York Times of September 17, 1998 studies that unlike drugs, dietetic addendums do non hold to be proven safe and effectual before they are put on the market. Bruce Silverglade, legal personal businesss manager for The Center for Science in the Public Interest, said in the August 7, 1998 Biloxi Sun Herald that Congress and the DSHEA has handcuffed the FDA by # 8220 ; leting dietetic addendum companies to do claims without first turn outing they # 8217 ; re true. # 8221 ; Dr. Marcia Angell, executive manager of the New England Journal of Medicine, states that if addendums were held to the same criterions as drugs, the # 8220 ; onus would be on the makers to turn out safety and efficaciousness, and I think most of them would close down. # 8221 ; Because addendums are non tested, consumers are seting themselves at hazard when they use them. Now that we are more familiar with the dangers that exist, we can now turn our attending to why these dangers will go on to be in the hereafter. To make this, we will turn our attending to the new FDA addendum jurisprudence and research why this new jurisprudence will non turn to current labeling jobs. Harmonizing to the January/February 1998 FDA Consumer, new labeling regulations will take topographic point following month. These intelligence labels will incorporate information about appropriate helpings, how addendums should be referred to on a label and when merchandises can utilize the footings # 8220 ; high authority # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; antioxidants. # 8221 ; What is dismaying about this new jurisprudence is that it does non turn to the cardinal jobs linked to addendums. The first ground why this new jurisprudence will be uneffective is because these new labels still will non protect consumers from addendums or warn them of side effects. Prevention # 8217 ; s Guide to Healing Herbs fro thousand September 29, 1998 provinces that makers are prohibited from labeling herb merchandises to stipulate possible side effects. That’s because the FDA positions posting this information as doing medicative claims. What that means to us is that we can non be truly certain what is in a addendum because of uncomplete labeling. A 2nd ground this new jurisprudence will non work is because the FDA does non look into addendum labeling to guarantee they contain the right ingredient contents. The New York Times reminds us that # 8220 ; There are presently no federal ordinances that set up scientific standards for pureness, designation, and fabrication processs of dietetic addendums, # 8221 ; which means # 8220 ; manufacturers can set in merely about anything they want, including no active ingredient at all, and there is still no warrant that what is says on the label is what is in the bottle. # 8221 ; And that is precisely what addendum manufacturers do. The June 22, 1998 Business Week studies that a Mississippi watchdog group checked 107 merchandises to look into their label truth. It found that over one-half deviated in ingredient content by 20 % or more. Despite this, the new jurisprudence still will non necessitate the FDA to look into merchandises to do certain labels accurately list dose sums. Finally, without any type of proper research on addendums, no sum of regulations modulating the addendums will assist us the consumer determine if they are safe or non. Manufacturers are non required by the FDA to prove their merchandises, so most do non. Prevention # 8217 ; s Guide points out that herb sellers are unwilling to blast out the $ 200+ million dollars it would take to acquire a medicative claim on a herb, one because of the cost, and two, because sellers can non patent the benefits of a works. So herbs remain classified as herbs. And we, as the consumer, may non truly cognize what we are taking or in what sums. It is clear that there are a batch of danger associated with addendum labeling, and that the new jurisprudence taking consequence following month won # 8217 ; t work out those jobs. But there are stairss we can take as consumers to protect ourselves from addendums. First, we need to retrieve that addendums are so drugs. The September 6, 1998 Chicago Tribune states that people merely wear # 8217 ; t view the progressively popular # 8216 ; natural addendums # 8217 ; as drugs because they manner the merchandises are described on their labels. But addendums are drugs, and cautiousness should be exercised when taking them. Second, look at your addendum # 8217 ; s label closely. The May 1, 1998 Medical Education and Research Foundation suggests that you buy merchandises with an U.S.P. label, bespeaking that the supplement meets disintegration criterions created by the US Pharmacopoeia. If the merchandise doesn # 8217 ; Ts have a U.S.P label, see buying a different one. Third, maintain on the sentinel for deceitful merchandises. These merchandises may hold written on their labels questionable statements like # 8220 ; laboratory-tested # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; quality and authority guaranteed. # 8221 ; Or addendums may utilize pseudomedical slang like # 8220 ; detoxicate, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; sublimate, # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; stimulate # 8221 ; to depict a merchandise # 8217 ; s effects, slang that is truly obscure and difficult to mensurate. Besides be wary of merchandises that claim to be a # 8220 ; secret remedy # 8221 ; or utilize such footings like # 8220 ; discovery, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; charming, # 8221 ; # 8220 ; miracle remedy, # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; new discovery. # 8221 ; The lone find you might do is how much you are passing on worthless merchandises. Fourth, ever look into with your physician before taking addendums, particularly if you are taking prescription medical specialty. The September 22, 1998 New York Times states that most people who take nonprescription dietetic addendums neer report that fact to their doctors. For illustration, those who take the medical specialty Prozac are told non to take St. John # 8217 ; s Wort as a addendum. Uniting the two could do inauspicious reactions and diminish the effectivity of the fluoxetine. Besides, if you are hospitalized for any ground, do certain your physician knows of all drugs you are taking, including addendums. By informing your physician, he or she may be better able to name your jobs every bit good as brand sure you don # 8217 ; Ts take any drugs that might adversely respond with the addendums. Finally, if you continue to take addendums, take them with repasts, when everything is go throughing through the digestive piece of land at a slower rate and the pill is hence more likely to fade out decently. This will assist in forestalling any unwanted jobs, medical or otherwise. Today we have looked at the job of addendums labeling, the causes of the job, and what we can make to protect ourselves from addendums. We found that the FDA is non making plenty to inform or warn consumers about addendums, despite new regulations increasing the sum of information on addendum labels. Until the regulations change, it # 8217 ; s up to us to do certain we are protecting ourselves from possible unsafe addendums. So, as you cruise the aisle of your local wellness nutrient shop or WalMart, and are tempted to make for a bottle of Gingkoba or Ginseng, expression before buying. Remember Jeff Reese # 8217 ; s decease, a decease that could hold been prevented. Addendums may sound good, but until the FDA tightens up its labeling demands and consumers know what they are taking, you might be better off avoiding natural addendums wholly.

Unions Essay Example For Students

Unions Essay The union movement of the late 19th century by Eli Hatch During 1870 through 1900 workers joined together; responding to the power of their employers caused by the growth of industrialization. The worker did not always have the luxury of leaving after eight hours of work, the right to representation, or the even the right to work in a safe environment. The working people of nineteenth century America had to unite in struggle to achieve the gains that are often taken selfishly and taken for granted today. There were many successes and failures in organized labor; the successes were often obtained through the loss of the worker, often through lost wages, jobs, or even death. The organization structure of the union during 1870 through 1900 went through different cycles and strategies to achieve what they wanted. We will write a custom essay on Unions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now One of the first effective regional organized unions was the Knights of Labor formed in 1869. The knights took in not only skilled workers but also any worker that could be truly classified as a producer. The knights took their peek in 1885 when strikes against Union Pacific, Southwest System, and Wabash railroads attracted public sympathy and succeeded in preventing a reduction in wages, at this time they boasted a membership of 700,000. 1886 was a troubled year for labor relations. There were nearly 1,600 strikes involving 600,000 workers, with the eight-hour day being the important item for all of the strikes. Failure of some of the strikes and internal conflicts between the skilled workers and the unskilled led to a decline in the Knights popularity and influence. Another organization called the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions created a constitution that other unions could adhere to. This constitution met in Pittsburgh on Nov. 15 1881 and was created by representatives of the cigar makers, the printers, the merchant seamen, steel workers, carpenters and local units of the Knights of Labor. One of the most important items in the constitution created by the FOTLU recommended that the legal eight-hour work day be an objective for every union to achieve. The FOTLU thus accelerated a strong national push for a shorter work week. The AFL grew from 140,000 in 1886 to nearly on million by 1900. With these strengths in numbers they often preferred striking over political action. The struggle for workers rights, wage increases and protests against wage cuts were often unsuccessful resulting in violence and death. Chicago workers were agitating for the eight-hour work day for months. On May 1st and 2nd 1886 were eighty thousand workers went on strike, bringing most of Chicagos manufacturing to a standstill. On May 3rd a fight between hundreds of strikers and non-union replacements broke out. Chicago police quickly moved in to restore order, leaving four unionists dead and many wounded. Angered by the deadly force of the police a group of anarchists called on workers to arm themselves and participate in the massive protest demonstration in Haymarket Square on May 4. Only 3,000 members assembled and started out peacefully until late evening when someone still not known to this day threw a bomb that killed seven policemen and injured 67 others. Even though no evidence was ever found about who threw the bomb four anarchists were found guilty and sentenced to death. Ever since the Haymarket square symbolized for radicals and trade unionists everywhere the injustice of a capitalistic society but also associated negatively unions as un-American, criminalistic, and violent. Many other activists died or received injuries for their cause all around the country. In July of 1877 strike riots halted the movement of U. .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .postImageUrl , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:hover , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:visited , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:active { border:0!important; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:active , .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ddfdb3aeec5790307e7a1d23009ef0d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Arts In Culture EssayS. railroads. After a few weeks of shutting down most of countries railroad system federal troops were sent in to try to end the nationwide strike. This resulted in more violence and death; in Chicago for example federal troops killed 30 workers and wounded over 100. On June 14, 1877 in Pennsylvania ten coal-mining activists were hanged. October 1887 the Louisiana militia shot 35 unarmed black sugar workers striking to gain a dollar-per-day wage and lynched two strike leaders. 1894 federal troops killed 34 American Railway Union members in Chicago attempting to break a strike. July 1892 three hundred Pinkerton guards helped

Exam 2 Practice Questions Essay Example

Exam 2 Practice Questions Essay Example Exam 2 Practice Questions Paper Exam 2 Practice Questions Paper Essay Topic: Literature The basic principles of reinforcement are complex because Different people react differently to the same reinforcement, people are unable to repeat the desired behavior, and there are many potential reinforcers that must be considered Which of the following are guidelines for implementing behavior programs Consequences should be stated clearly, target behaviors must be defined in observable terms, behaviors should not be recorded In the study of a team of swimmers by Mckenzie and Rushall, An attendance board was used to track attendance at swim practice and the swimmers showed a significant increase in attendance after the intervention Feedback can provide instructional information about The specific behaviors to be performed, the levels of proficiency to be achieved, and the performers current level of proficiency in the desired skills According to the TARGET acronym, which of the following is not a measure to use to foster a mastery-oriented environment? Affiliation Which of the following statements are true? Every reward has both controlling and informational aspects to it, a negative coaching style (mostly critical in nature) can lead to a decrease in intrinsic motivation, and rewarding for mere participation in a sport will typically undermine the participants intrinsic motivation The study by Lepper and Greene investigating the effects of external rewards on intrinsic motivation of children found that The type of reward was important regarding its effects on intrinsic motivation and the expected-reward condition had the lowest levels of intrinsic motivation (compared to no reward and unexpected rewards) According to the results of Komaki and Barnetts study of a Pop Warner football team, The team performed three plays more effectively after the intervention A recent study (Amorose Horn, 2000) showed that changes in intrinsic motivation occurred primarily because of Coaching behaviors What is not a dimension of flow? High levels of arousal What is seen as the most extrinsically motivated behavior? External regulation Ryans studies on the relationship between scholarships and intrinsic motivation revealed that Wrestlers on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than wrestlers not on scholarship and female athletes on scholarship exhibited higher levels of intrinsic motivation than female athletes not on scholarship A study on reducing inappropriate tennis behaviors using behavior modification techniques revealed that Inappropriate behaviors were significantly reduced for all 5 players Which of the following is not true of reinforcement? The consequences of behavior are not as important as ones personality In a recent study on the relationship between holding scholarships and levels of intrinsic motivation in collegiate athletes, Amorose, Horn, and Miller found that Athletes on scholarship had lower levels of intrinsic motivation in general than did athletes not on scholarship An individual will have a higher level of intrinsic motivation when The informational aspect is more salient than the controlling aspect Which of the following is not one of the psychological needs included in self-determination theory? Confidence According to McAuleys and Tammens study on intrinsic motivation and subjective versus objective outcomes, Subjective perceptions of performance are the most important determinants of intrinsic motivation Backward chaining (as used by OBrien and Simek in their golf study) refers to Pairing the last step in a series of movements with the next-to-last step all the way through the movement until the second step is paired with the first step Which of the following statements are true regarding flow? Most athletes feel flow is a controllable state, athletes can learn to get into a flow state, flow is related to improvements in psychological states Besides rewarding the outcome of a persons performance (success), other areas that should be rewarded include Effort, emotional and social skills, and correct performance of the skill itself In a review of studies investigating the effects of performance feedback, it was found that performance increased approximately 50% Potential negative side effects of punishment include its Arousing a fear of failure, acting as a reinforcer, and hindering the learning of skills The additive approach to the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation suggests that Intrinsic plus extrinsic motivation equals more motivation Research by psychologists such as Edward Deci has shown that Extrinsic rewards undermined intrinsic motivation Behavioral coaching, behavioral modification, and contigency management have in common the goal of Structuring practices through the systematic use of reinforcement According to Weinbergs study on intrinsic motivation in a competitive setting, Success produces higher levels of intrinsic motivation than does failure and males exhibit higher levels of intrinsic motivation after success than after failure Flow is maximized when you are competing against an opponent Of equal ability Which of the following factors have been identified in preventing flow from occurring? Inappropriate focus, lack of confidence, and motivation to perform Receiving a reward that provides feedback concerning an athletes sense of competence is an example of The informational aspect of reward Rewards typically undermine intrinsic motivation when the reward is For mere participation, not tied to the quality of ones performance, and controlling in nature Which of the following statements are true? The amount of positive feedback is less important than receiving some type of positive feedback and getting positive feedback produces higher levels of intrinsic motivation than getting no feedback Most coaches approach reinforcement and punishment by A combination of positive reinforcement and punishment Shaping occurs when Rewards are given to behaviors that approximate the correct response Which of the following are factors deemed important to achieving flow? Confidence, maintaining appropriate focus, and optimal environmental conditions Which of the following is a competitive situation according to Martenss definition of the objective competitive situation? A runner competing in a 100-yard dash and a swimmer working out with his coach watching him Of all the experimental games used by psychologists to study the effects of competition and cooperation, the most often used game is Prisoners Dilemma The key part of Martenss definition of competition is Social Comparison In Kelley and Stahelskis study using the prisoners dilemma game, they found that Competitors drew cooperators into competition Which of the following is NOT a type of competitive orientation measured by the Sport Orientation Questionnaire? Fear-of-Failure Orientation Which of the following statements is (are) true? Varsity athletes are no different from nonathletes in terms of eventual career success outside of competitive sport. In the field experiments conducted by Sherif and Sherif, the experimenters first Created strong group identity Indicate any principle here that is NOT derived from the psychological studies on competition and cooperation People are born either competitive or cooperative. Coakley defines competition as A social process that occurs when rewards are distributed on the basis of comparative performance In relation to the subjective competitive situation (stage 2), which of the following is (are) true? Males score higher than females on win orientation; Females score higher than males on goal orientation; Athletes score higher than nonathletes in competitive orientation. Team sports of basketball and football are examples of which of the following classification of games? Cooperative MeansCompetitive Ends Which of the following behaviors would not support a cooperative learning environment? Extrinsic Rewards Emphasized According to Coakley, which of the following is (are) characteristic of unstructured youth sport? Personal involvement in the action is maximized; It provides opportunities to reaffirm friendships; Teams are relatively even. Which of the following is NOT a stage in Martenss model of competition? Social Comparison In his study of the effects of a 14-week program of cooperative games, Orlick found that Kids exposed to cooperative games engaged in three times as much cooperative behavior during free play as did kids in the control group and games played by the control group tended to emphasize individualistic concerns Deutschs study on competition and cooperation found that Communication patterns differed significantly based on whether subjects were given cooperative or competitive instructions; students receiving competitive instructions exhibited closed communication and mistrust; students receiving cooperative instructions communicated openly and shared information Coakley defines cooperation as A social process through which performance is rewarded in terms of the collective achievements of the group Which of the following is (are) characteristic of cooperative games? They require little equipment or money; They emphasize participation by all players; Players learn from mistakes rather than hide from them. Cooperative reward structures are more effective in which of the following situations? During work on tasks that are complex and that involve problem solving The first experiment investigating the effects of competition on performance was conducted in 1898 by Triplett One athlete looks forward to competition while another dreads the upcoming event. This is an example of The subjective competitive situation Which of the following is (are) true? Competitors cause cooperators to compete. In Aschs experiment of line-comparison judgments, _____ of the subjects conformed to the group norm. 1/3 One way athletes interpret whether they are being treated fairly is based on The coachs manner in communicating her views to the athletes and the degree of compatibility between the coachs and athletes skill assessments of the athlete Social loafing is increased under which of the following conditions? A comparison against group standards is not possible Team climate can be defined as A representation of how an individual perceives the interrelationships among the team members The results of a study by Ingham et al. (1974) using rope pulling, in which confederates were thought to be pulling on the rope but in fact were not, indicated that differences between actual and potential performances were due to a decrease in motivation In the pendulum example of the Indiana basketball team, which of the following is (are) a stage of group development? Orientation; differentiation and conflict; resolution and cohesion According to Christian Buys, there are several negative aspects of group formation. These negative aspects include Conformity; Social Loafing; Deindividuation The phenomenon in which individual performance decreases as the number of people in the group increases is known as the Ringlemann Effect Which of the following is (are) true? Pendular models emphasize shifts in interpersonal relationships during growth of groups and Life cycle models emphasize the birth and death of groups. Which of the following can help reduce the occurrence of social loafing? increasing identifiability and breaking down the team into smaller units Research has indicated that social support can have a positive impact on which of the following? Recovery from injury; Coping with stress; Team cohesion Role acceptance depends on autonomy; feedback and role recognition; role significance If a rookie tried to take charge and exert leadership in critical games despite the fact that there was a veteran leader on the team, this would be considered a violation of Group Norms Team building is considered part of which stage of team development? Forming Which of the following is not a key defining characteristic of a group? Having individual goals One effective method for establishing positive group norms is to Enlist the formal and informal leaders of a team to set positive examples Which of the following is (are) part of the norming stage? role acceptance; increase in cooperation and solidarity; conflict resolution A level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief that is formally or informally established as appropriate by a group is called a Norm Which of the following can facilitate team transition when an athlete disengages from a team? clarifying role differentiations and increasing an individuals awareness of disengagement Having athletes eat together or live together is an example of which factor that is important in developing an effective team climate? Proximity Formal roles, in contrast to informal roles, are a set of behaviors that are required or expected of persons in a group and are dictated by the nature and structure of an organization and include such roles as team captain, coach, and athletic trainer Which of the following is NOT one of the principles underlying the team-building model developed by Carron and colleagues? Autocratic Leadership Style Which of the following statements about cohesion is (are) true? Higher normative expectations are associated with higher levels of cohesion and More sacrifices are made by players when cohesion is high. Using the Group Environmental Questionnaire, research has revealed that group cohesion is related to which of the following? reduced absenteeism; increased member satisfaction; attributions for responsibility for performance outcomes The number of athletes holding scholarships and the eligibility requirements are examples of which antecedent of cohesion? Environmental Factors Which of the following statements about building cohesion is (are) true? Set goals that are easy to accomplish to keep up spirit and Encourage team identity. From an athlete perspective, to help build team cohesion you should give teammates positive reinforcement and be responsible for yourself Michael Jordan spoke about everyone on the team coming together (cohesion) when they stepped between the lines. This belief in one another is known as Collective Efficacy Which of the following statements is (are) true? There is a positive relationship between task cohesion and performance. Task and affiliation motivation are examples of which antecedent of cohesion? Personal Factors Which of the following statements best represents the relationship between cohesion and performance? Circular Which of the following statements is true? The cohesion-performance relationship is positive for interactive sports. Which of the following tips can build team cohesion? Develop pride within subunits and Avoid excessive turnover. Which of the following is NOT a construct identified in the Group Environment Questionnaire? Group Attraction-Environmental According to Carron and Dennis, the most important personal factor regarding the development of social and task cohesion i Individual Satisfaction A sociogram is An illustration of affiliation and attraction among team members In setting up a team goal-setting program, which of the following guidelines should be followed? Involve all team members in establishing goals; Set specific and challenging goals; Reward progress toward team goals. Which of the following was (were) found to be a barrier to cohesion? Members struggling for power According to the latest definition provided by Carron, Widmeyer, and Brawley, cohesion is seen to be Instrumental Which of the following sports requires the highest level of task cohesion? Basketball and Ice Hockey Individuals holding stronger beliefs about the cohesiveness of exercise classes are more likely to attend more classes and more resistant to group disruption The dimensions of the Multidimensional Sport Cohesion Instrument include attraction to the group; unity of purpose; quality of teamwork What are the two major categories of behavior from the Coaching Behavior Assessment System? Reactive and Spontaneous Which of the following is (are) FALSE concerning findings from studies of the antecedent conditions that affect leader behavior? Females prefer an autocratic style more than males do Which of the following statements is (are) true? Athletes high on internal locus of control prefer training and instruction coaching behaviors Smith and Smolls studies on coaching behaviors and Little League coaches found that Coaches can change their behaviors to become more positive According to Fiedlers contingency model, a relationship-oriented leader would be most effective under which type of situation? Moderately Favorable When coaches obtain the necessary information from relevant players and then come to a decision, what type of decision style are they using? Autocratic-Consultative According to the Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership, performance and satisfaction are a function of the degree of congruence among 3 types of leadership behavior Regardless of age, athletes preferred coaches who Gave positive feedback and gave technical instruction The study using interviews of elite gymnastic coaches (Cote, Salmela, Russell) showed that expert coaches most often exhibited which of the following behaviors? Pushed gymnasts by constantly issuing threats and yelling According to results obtained in studies using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire, successful leaders tend to score High on both consideration and initiating structure Which of the following is (are) a guideline put forth based on 25 years of Smith and Smolls research? maintain clear expectations; reinforce effort as much as results; give encouragement and corrective instructional feedback immediately after a mistake The two major categories of behavior found using the Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire are Consideration and Initiating Structure The Leadership Scale for Sports identifies which coaching behaviors? social support; democratic; autocratic Great leaders are made, not born. This statement is an example of which approach to leadership? Behavioral In most organized sport teams, leaders and coaches are appointed In their classic study of the coaching (leadership) behaviors of legendary basketball coach John Wooden, Tharp and Gallimore found that his most often used coaching behavior was Verbal instructions on what to do and how to do it Great leaders are born, not made. This statement is an example of which approach to leadership? Trait Fiedlers research has identified which two types of leadership styles? Relationship Oriented and Task Oriented Which of the following results from Smith and Smolls studies on coaching behaviors is (are) true? Players for coaches who displayed high levels of general technical instruction evaluated their teammates and sport more positively According to successful professional football coach Bill Parcells, which of the following is NOT a quality of successful leadership? Trust The definition of leadership usually seen in the literature is The behavioral process of influencing individuals and groups toward set goals Supportive listening behaviors are empathetic and remain open to new ideas Intrapersonal communication is communication with yourself Which of the following would you NOT suggest for communicating with empathy? Make sure the other person understands your point of view What percentage of the time during communication is spent listening? 40% When there is a communication breakdown, most people believe that the problem resides with the other person Which of the following would you NOT suggest for communicating with consistency? Show more compassion in competition than in practices Which of the following general guidelines is (are) helpful to follow when facing confrontations? understand and be tentative Which of the following things should you NOT do during a confrontation? stop communicating; communicate the solution; rely on nonverbal cues to communicate After taking Sullivans communication training, athletes had the following reactions to the workshop: it helps to know the goals of my teammates and it is scary to open up, but this makes things easier The sandwich approach consists of which of the following elements? a positive statement and future-oriented instructions Proxemics is the study of how we communicate by the way we use space Supportive language has which of the following characteristics? Descriptive Breakdowns in communication can occur because the receiver fails to listen; the receiver misinterprets the message;the messages are inconsistent Sullivan devised seven communication exercises to promote more effective communication. Athletes said they would try to practice the following communication skills not interrupt others when they are speaking and confront issues right away Which of the following is NOT a type of communication? Introspective Communication Which of the following is NOT an element of communication? Paraphrasing the message Which of the following would you suggest for expressing anger in a positive manner? Try to attack the persons character to make your point Nonverbal behaviors that communicate interest and attention include which of the following? Maintaining eye contact Which of the following is (are) NOT a principle of communication when setting up team meetings? What is discussed in the meeting is open to others outside the meeting

Physical Properties of Matter

Physical Properties of Matter Physical properties are any properties of matter which can be perceived or observed without changing the chemical identity of the sample. In contrast, chemical properties are those that can only be observed and measured by performing a chemical reaction, thus changing the molecular structure of the sample. Because physical properties include such a wide array of characteristics, they are further classified as either intensive or extensive and either isotropic or anisotropic. Intensive and Extensive Physical Properties Physical properties may be classified as either intensive or extensive. Intensive physical properties do not depend on the samples size or mass.  Examples of intensive properties include boiling point, state of matter, and density. Extensive physical properties depend on the amount of matter in the sample. Examples of extensive properties include size, mass, and volume. Isotropic and Anisotropic Properties Physical properties are isotropic properties if they do not depend on the orientation of the specimen or direction from which it is observed. The properties are anisotropic properties if they do depend on the orientation. While any physical property could be assigned as isotropic or anisotropic, the terms are usually applied to help identify or distinguish materials based on their optical and mechanical properties. For example, one crystal might be isotropic with respect to color and opacity, while another might appear a different color, depending on the viewing axis. In a metal, grains might be distorted or elongated along one axis compared with another. Examples of Physical Properties Any property you can see, smell, touch, hear or otherwise detect and measure without performing a chemical reaction is a physical property. Examples of physical properties include: colorshapevolumedensitytemperatureboiling pointviscositypressuresolubilityelectric charge Image By Marc Gutierrez / Getty Images Physical Properties of Ionic vs. Covalent Compounds The nature of chemical bonds plays a role in some of the physical properties that may be displayed by a material. The ions in ionic compounds are strongly attracted to other ions with opposite charge and repelled by like charges. Atoms in covalent molecules are stable and not strongly attracted or repelled by other parts of the material. As a consequence ionic solids tend to have higher melting points and boiling points, compared with low melting and boiling points of covalent solids. Ionic compounds tend to be electrical conductors when they are melted or dissolved, while covalent compounds tend to be poor conductors in any form. Ionic compounds are usually crystalline solids, while covalent molecules may exist as liquids, gases, or solids. Ionic compounds often dissolve in water and other polar solvents, while covalent compounds are more likely to dissolve in nonpolar solvents. Physical Properties vs. Chemical Properties Chemical properties encompass those characteristics of matter which can only be observed by changing the chemical identity of a sample, which is to say, by examining its behavior in a chemical reaction. Examples of chemical properties include flammability (observed from combustion), reactivity (measured by readiness to participate in a reaction), and toxicity (demonstrated by exposing an organism to a chemical). Chemical and Physical Changes Chemical and physical properties are related to chemical and physical changes. A physical change only alters the shape or appearance of a sample and not its chemical identity. A chemical change is a chemical reaction, which rearranges a sample on a molecular level.

Products Liability Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Products Liability - Research Paper Example Company description The Ford Motor Company is one of the leading manufacturers of vehicles and has a strong position in the global automotive market. The company widely engages in the development, manufacturing, distribution and service of vehicles, parts and their accessories. Ford corporate philosophy of stable improvement powerfully contributes to its immense achievement. The company endeavors to enhance its car products to appeal to its customers both buyers and potential buyers. At present, it concentrates on an advanced generation of consumers and creating stronger ties with this youthful market. As a result of its novel strategy, Ford has created a new line of vehicles, targeting the generation of â€Å"cool† and Ford main competitors include Toyota motor Company and GM motors (Steering Committee on Product Liability and Innovation, National Academy of Engineering, 2004). The product safety issue that led to the lawsuit Ford Motor Company was recently involved in an acc ident involving a 15 passenger Ford F-350 Econoline Van. Information shows that the van skidded off northbound interstate 5 in Kern County after the tread separated on its rear right tire. It becomes evident that evidence from the trial testified that the Ford officials had earlier on been contacted by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and knew that the product was defective, but the company officials never made any effort to conduct its dealers or its customers. Further evidence also shows that one of the men killed in the rollover was not wearing a seat belt during the accident. The panel also found that it would not have mattered in a crash in which the van rolled over four times while travelling at 70 miles per hour. Ford was then assessed with 59 percent comparative fault. It was also assessed $50,000,000 in punitive damages as a result of the accident (Steering Committee on Product Liability and Innovation, National Academy of Engineering, 2004). The legal theories used by the plaintiff to recover in this lawsuit, how the lawsuit was resolved, and why you agree with the decision in the case The legal theory applied in the above case is product liability and negligence. The theory states that any injuries, death or any loss which may be as a result of a person or entity's negligence to fulfill any legal duty owed to another may be responsible for the act. These injuries are based on the legal theory of product liability and negligence and for one to establish a legal claim for negligence, it is required that the plaintiff must show that the defendant had a legal duty, the defendant breached that duty and this breach was the proximate cause of the plaintiff injuries and the plaintiff was injured or even damaged in one way or the other. While laws may differ from state to state, deaths or injuries may be imposed for negligence (Birsch & Fielder, 2004). For instance, Kristi D. Roofer one of the plaintiffs sued the company over the manufacturers who sold t he van which was involved in that accident as Ford failed to establish that no genuine issue of material fact exists. The lawsuit argues that the vehicle was defective and unreasonably dangerous and ultimately caused the death of the passengers. The defendant is accused of negligence for failing to design and manufacture a crashworthy vehicle and with proper seat belts to reduce accident deaths

Margaret Atwood's Death by Landscape Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Margaret Atwood's Death by Landscape - Essay Example The dexterity with which she handled her public and private life is also included in the book. It further gives a wonderful commentary of all the published works of the author. The author compares her personality with the fictional heroines in her works. The book is both for general and specialized readership. This biography examines the author’s growth in the evolution of the Canadian culture and literature. Margaret Atwoods Power: Mirrors, Reflections, and Images in Select Fiction and Poetry is a unique analysis of Atwood’s works. The book presents the author as the most accomplished poet and novelist. This is a wonderful feminist analysis in which the author provides a psychoanalytic overview of Margaret Atwood’s portrayal of women and power. The book gives new insights to the famous author’s work and her popularity as a writer. The book presents Margaret Atwood as the most productive and versatile authors of her period. She is considered as the most fascinating writer who produces great works in any genre she chooses. This book appeared during the sixtieth birthday of the great author. The book examines the works of the author and reviews it. The book gives a great introduction to the works of Atwood, including her work ‘Death by Landscape’. Atwood’s novels, short stories, poetries and other works are surveyed in the book. The crucial approaches to Atwood’s works from the angle of mythology, literary criticism and cultural criticism and other topics are presented in the book. In this book the author gives a beautiful overview of the celebrated works of Atwood including ‘Death by Landscape’. The analysis focuses on her major themes. The book is thoroughly researched, giving a great analysis of the works of the famous author. The book examines nine novels of the author in groups of threes. The book highlights the interconnecting themes in the works. The themes include presentation of women as

Favorite Place Essay Example for Free

Favorite Place Essay Peace and serenity. The feeling of wind swiping past your body is one of the things that just lead to a release of everything. Theres a sense of calmness that is incomparable to this sensation. For me, this sensation is one of the main reasons that the beach is my favorite place. The beach is one of the most peaceful and relaxing places there are, and the beach comes along with the quite a few possible adventures, which is what truly makes the beach the most spectacular place. The smell of salt and freshness make it so all you want to do is sit there embracing the scent for months. Its amazing to be so intensely amused by some of the seemingly smallest things in life. The fact that the beach makes it so that you appreciate all the little things is another one of the reasons that the beach is what I consider to be my favorite place. The beach has a sense of adventure and mystery among it. There are millions of creatures that live throughout the ocean and the sand. Each creature has its own special qualities. Every time you go to the beach it could be a new adventure. You could have an encounter with either one of the many types of plants there, or you could have an encounter with one of the animals there. The time that I had gone and swam alongside a group of manatees down the entire shore of the beach for nearly 50 feet was one of the most memorable and magical experiences that Ive ever had. The adventure to be had is truly endless at the beach. We already know millions of types of animals that use the ocean as their home, and we only have knowledge of five percent of the ocean to this day. That statement alone represents the absolute mystery of the beach, hence my fascination with it. The beach is one of the few places that include so many of the aspects of life that most people love. The calm atmosphere, the adventure, and the activities to be done. At the beach you have the ability to do so many different things. You have the ability to engage in so many different aspects of the beach. There is the ability to either swim, play with the marine life, or do some of the sports activities that the beach contains. Plus just the general joy of enjoying the sun and wind in the sand is always there. Whether it be building the sandcastles, trying to catch fish in a pale, searching for the prettiest of the shells, or playing volleyball with my family, the beach has always had something to offer me. Even if the weather is bad, making it nearly impossible to do any of the typical beach activities, simply looking at the skies and the water in the midst of a storm is an amazing view. No matter what the situation is, the beach always manages to see it through somehow and never let me down. The beach is what I consider to be my favorite place because of all of the different things that the beach has to offer. In any circumstance, there is always some reason to want to be at the beach. It is the perfect place to be alone, or the perfect place to spend time with either your family or friends. In any case, the beach is by far my favorite place to be.

Dyslexia :: essays research papers

"Dyslexia" DYSLEXIA General information Imagine if my report was written like this: Dyslexia is wehn yuor midn gets wodrs mixde pu. If you were dyslexic, that's how you might read my report. The word dyslexia is derived from the Greek "dys" (meaning poor or inadequate) and "lexis" (word or language). Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by problems in expressive or receptive, oral or written language. It is characterized by extreme difficulty learning and remembering letters, written or spoken words, and individual letter sounds. Extremely poor spelling and illegible handwriting are common symptoms. Problems may emerge in reading, spelling, writing, speaking, or listening. Dyslexia is not a disease, therefore it doesn't have a cure. Dyslexia describes a different kind of mind, often gifted and productive, that learns differently. During my extensive research of this topic, I have become very interested and sympathetic for people who have it. Dyslexia is not the result of low intelligence. The problem is not behavioral, psychological, motivational, or social. It is not a problem of vision; people with dyslexia do not "see backward." Dyslexia results from the differences in the structure and function of the brain. People with dyslexia are unique; each having individual strengths and weaknesses. Many dyslexics are creative and have unusual talent in areas such as art, athletics, architecture, graphics, electronics, mechanics, drama, music, or engineering. Dyslexics often show special talent in areas that require visual, spatial, and motor skills. Their problems in language processing distinguish them as a group. This means that the dyslexic has problems translating language to thought (as listening or reading) or thought to language (as in writing or speaking). Dyslexics sometimes reverse letters and words (b for d, saw for was). In speech, some dyslexics reverse meanings (hot for cold, front seat for back seat) or word sounds (merove for remove). Here is a test to see if you have any signs of dyslexia. Few dyslexics show all the signs of the disorder. Here are some of the most common signs: * Lack of awareness of sounds in words, sound order, rhymes, or sequence syllables * Difficulty decoding words - single word identification * Difficulty encoding words - spelling * Poor sequencing of numbers, of letters in words, when read or written, e.g.; b-d; sing - sign; left - felt; soiled - solid; 12-21 * Problems with reading comprehension * Difficulty expressing thought in written form * Delayed spoken language * Imprecise or incomplete interpretation of language that is heard * Difficulty in expressing thoughts orally * Confusion about directions in space or time (right and left, up and down,

An Analysis Of In Arabian Nights English Literature Essay

Traveling to new states gives life a fantastic experience and helps learn a individual about the civilizations and traditions of that state. Travelling is something that teaches a individual many things as one can hold many interactions with aliens and can assist one larn many new things approximately him every bit good. Traveling is something that everybody experiences in life. Travelling besides helps a individual addition more cognition about the other states civilization, tradition and linguistic communication. Traveling can assist a individual happen his or her finish in life. Traveling to new states gives life a fantastic experience and helps learn a individual about the civilizations and traditions of that state. Travelling is something that teaches a individual many things as one can hold many interactions with aliens and can assist one larn many new things approximately him every bit good. I had a charming experience during my journey to United States of America. My chief purpose or my mission for traveling to America was for an educational intent. I wanted to cognize more about the state and wanted to research it. I had visited America in the twelvemonth 2007. It was 10 yearss school trip. I truly enjoyed my trip with my friends and I besides got to larn many new things on my trip. We were besides accompanied by our professors. My trip was fundamentally based an educational based. They were really helpful and cheerful. We visited Washington DC, New York and Florida. The experience was great and thrilling. We visited many of import landmarks, museums a nd besides many commemorations. These topographic points would assist me cognize more about the history of America. Wherever we went we would ever seek to acquire more and more information about that peculiar country or topographic point as it would assist increase my cognition about that topographic point. Peoples were really friendly in America. I did non experience that I was off from my place state. The people were astonishing. They were really helpful and cheerful. My experience taught me many things. It helped me larn how to populate an independent life. I had to make all by myself. No 1 would pack my bags or press my apparels ; everything was to be done by me. I had seen a transmutation in myself. I was going independent. It was the best experience of my life. The trip besides helped me better my communicating accomplishment. By speaking and run intoing different people in the hotel every bit good around the metropolis, it felt like I belonged to that state. The trip was real ly enlightening. By going with friends it would assist better societal development and additions adulthood in a individual. My love for travel has increased after this experience. The manner I look at the outer universe has changed. This experience has given me many unforgettable memories and has besides helped me transform myself. The experience of Tahir Shah is in a manner related to my travel experience. He was in hunt for the narrative in his bosom, whereas I was in hunt for instruction as it was during my school yearss and I wanted to hold on every bit much cognition about the state. Tahir was ungratified to happen the narrative in his bosom. He met many people and had assorted interactions with them and at last found the narrative in his bosom. I was besides ungratified approximately deriving every bit much cognition as I can. I met many new people and my interaction with them helped me derive cognition about their civilization and traditions. I had a fantastic and joyful experience. It has transformed my full life. Before I used to fear from speaking to aliens, but now I am really confident as I had an experience which transformed me. Tahirs experience was really alone for him. He had found the narrative in his bosom. On my manner to America, I was Travel trips are something that each individual must travel for. Travelling makes people explore the universe every bit good as explore one & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s ain life. Traveling can be a fantastic experience. From the narrative written by Tahir Shah, we come to cognize how restless he was to happen the narrative in his bosom. He travelled all the manner to south of Casablanca and found the narrative in his bosom. When I went to America I excessively was ungratified like Tahir because I was in hunt for more and more instruction. Work Cited: Shah, Tahir. In Arabian Nights: a Caravan of Moroccan Dreams. New York: Bantam, 2008. Print.

How can be a university education be free? Essay

A free college education for all? That’s been the dream of many an idealist. President Obama certainly shares this goal— a year ago he said â€Å"The single most important thing we can do is to make sure we’ve got a world-class education system for everybody. That is a prerequisite for prosperity.† State university systems, particularly in New York and California, are tasked to provide all students— even those of limited means—access to higher education. Many, especially on the political Left, view public support of education as a cornerstone of a free and prosperous society. Thus the current economic hard times have produced great distress. Both SUNY in New York and the three California state systems, along with many others, have been forced to dramatically raise tuition. Many states have cut back on support—the sad and familiar joke being that public institutions have gone from being state supported to merely state located. Federal funds are also threatened: graduate students will no longer receive interest deferments, earmarks (a traditional source of money for higher education) are no longer available, and government grant money is increasingly harder to come by. More financial woe looks likely in the near future. On top of this many questions are raised about the value of higher education. Is college teaching what students really need to know? Will it really be able to guarantee graduates a place in the middle class as it has done in the past? Do the benefits of college justify the increasingly burdensome student loan debt that our nation’s youth is now saddled with? Higher education, already unaffordable, may no longer be worth the cost. It all looks pretty grim. And yet I believe we are on the cusp of a new world in higher education – a world that can provide a free (or nearly free) college education for all. The recession has brought higher education’s woes into sharp relief, but it has not caused them. Colleges, designed for the world in the 1960s and 1970s, have not changed with the times. Colleges are still run as top-down bureaucracies rather than bottom-up communities. Outside of government, few other organizations operate this way. Anybody can publish and sell a book at Amazon.com. Google and Apple let their customers determine most of their content. Walmart empowers even its most junior employees to order products and set prices. Wikipedia allows any reader to write or update an article. Higher ed’s institutional structures aren’t like that at all, featuring top-down, inefficient, bureaucratic command management. Maintaining this old-fashioned system is ever more expensive and increasingly impossible. So here are some suggestions for how higher ed can imitate successful organizations, improve quality, and reduce costs even to zero. Let volunteers teach classes: This isn’t simply about saving labor costs (though it is that, too); it is primarily about crowd-sourcing. Just as Amazon, Google, and Wikipedia are able to tap into the expertise of millions, colleges can do the same by blurring the distinction between faculty, student, town, and gown. In an on-line environment there is no limit on the number of classes that can be taught, and no reason to restrict class offerings to only those taught by paid employees. Founded in 2009, University of the People will exclusively use volunteer faculty. Indeed, the distinction between faculty and student is hopelessly blurred in their model. As a result they aspire to be a tuition-free university open to any high school grad anywhere in the world. Initially they are offering programs in business administration and computer science, and are seeking regional accreditation. While there is no tuition, there are some fees, but the total cost for a bachelor’s degree will likely be a few hundred dollars, depending on where you live. By comparison, Texas’ initiative to offer bachelor’s degrees for $10,000 looks like a very modest goal. While UoPeople exists solely on-line, residential colleges can and should take advantage of volunteers. Indeed, classes intended primarily for personal enrichment (as opposed to career preparation) are possibly better taught by volunteers than paid faculty. Who better to teach Shakespeare than somebody whose primary motivation is a love of Shakespeare? Why not empower the waitress down the street (the one with a PhD in English) to teach a class on Hamlet? Just as with Amazon and Wikipedia, crowd-sourcing results in the best coming forward and leading the way. The university will need to establish rules that enable the winnowing and selection process— just as Amazon does very successfully with the customer reviews and the best-seller rankings—without in any way depriving others of opportunity. Of course volunteers may not be grading papers. Some of that can be avoided by asking peers, with instructor oversight, to grade papers (as UoPeople will certainly be doing), but that brings us to the second requirement of a (nearly) free education. Automate almost everything: In particular, automate grading. There are today few reasons for any human being to be grading math or science homework—at least through the sophomore level. Indeed, faculty graders can be unfair and unreliable— I speak from experience. Computer grading can be more reliable and certainly much cheaper. Even for the â€Å"softer† subjects computers can be an asset. On-line campuses at minimum run English papers through Turnitin and a grammar- and spell-checker before a grader even sees the paper, eliminating the most tedious labor. But where computerization isn’t possible, grading can be out-sourced. Western Governors University hires graders for whom both the student and the faculty member remain anonymous, and who are required to calibrate their work against other graders to ensure consistency. This is not free, but it is cheaper than faculty graders and almost certainly better. For some classes it may even be possible to outsource grading to India or the Philippines to further reduce costs. With volunteer faculty and computerized/outsourced grading, the cost of many classes can approach zero. But there are still some classes that need to be professionally taught and for which grading is not a primary expense. I’m thinking of the core introductions to the disciplines, such as Intro to Psychology, Calculus, or General Chemistry, etc. How can these be taught more cheaply? Let the winner take all: If my grandchildren ever decide to take calculus, I want them to have an excellent instructor. Indeed, I’d like them to have the best instructor in the country. In times past that would require attending an elite liberal arts college. But today (or more likely, tomorrow) there are more and better choices. These already exist for languages. A quirky company called Rosetta Stone has largely put college foreign language instruction out of business. For approximately $200/semester one can learn almost any language one wants—not quite free, but much cheaper and (apparently) more effective than the college classroom. Rosetta Stone is a good example of winner-take-all; it has cornered the market not because of some government license, nor because only their employees know languages, but because they are better and cheaper. Why not do this with calculus, chemistry, psychology and all the rest? This will eventually happen. In each of those disciplines a product (or, hopefully, two or three competing products) will emerge that is manifestly better than anything any individual college can produce in-house. Why has it not already happened? With foreign languages one can either speak the language or not—a short conversation will test. Whether or not one gets credit for the class is completely irrelevant. The Carnegie Units awarded by academic language departments therefore have no value and are unsellable. With general chemistry, on the other hand, it is much harder to know whether or not the student has actually learned anything—a short conversation won’t do. Therefore the Carnegie Units are still valued, and a general chemistry class that doesn’t come with credit will find few takers. What is needed is a recognized way to establish competence independent of Carnegie Units. Once that happens the winner-take-all world quickly follows. A current project at Stanford University offers a path forward. Stanford is teaching a free, on-line class in artificial intelligence. As of August 15th news reports indicated that 58,000 people had registered. I have a friend who is signed up, and he reports that now enrollment is over 100,000. Stanford is not awarding credit for this class—no Carnegie Units involved. Instead they are doing something much cleverer and much more subversive. Stanford will rank the students in order of how well they do in the class and send them a certificate accordingly. Coming in first in a class of 100,000 will be quite an achievement—worth far more than any Carnegie Units. That person (or more likely, thousand people) will have a credential they can take to the bank. More generally, the organizations that offer world class instruction in the disciplines can keep their own records of how well students do. This will serve as a transcript, rendering the college transcript and the associated Carnegie Units irrelevant and unmarketable. Carnegie Units are a problem, and that brings us to the final suggestion. Break the cartel: What might be called the â€Å"Carnegie Cartel† survives because it serves the best interest of existing institutions. Like all good cartels, it reduces competition by raising the cost of entry and by fixing prices. It is enforced by accrediting agencies, appropriately run as voluntary associations of existing institutions, dedicated to keeping newcomers out. Acquiring and retaining accreditation is expensive: including faculty and staff time along with the opportunity cost, a seven-figure price tag for an accreditation visit is not an unreasonable estimate. This does not include considerable efforts spent on on-going assessment, processes for continuous improvement, and collecting all the other ever more arcane documentation demanded by accreditors. A cartel maintains a grip on the market because it controls an essential resource that everybody needs. For the Carnegie Cartel this resource is access to state and federal financial aid—money not available to unaccredited organizations and individuals. But this resource is now threatened by several developments. First, the recession has simply reduced the funds available. Second, many shady for-profit colleges have successfully gamed the system and are now reaping a disproportionate share of funds, corrupting the entire enterprise. Third, the cartel’s currency—Carnegie Units—are no longer a very good proxy for educational achievement. The system is flummoxed by on-line or blended learning, not to mention on-line short courses taught by volunteers. Accrediting agencies have never heard of crowd-sourcing. Finally, and most important, the advent of free or nearly free education eliminates the value of the cartel’s franchise. Federal funds are not necessary. No cartel serves the interest of its customers, and the Carnegie Cartel is no exception. It has frozen an over-priced, outmoded and dysfunctional educational system in place. It needs to be broken up. I believe that is gradually happening now. Breaking the cartel will sharply reduce the cost of higher education across the board. A free college education for all? The UoPeople experiment is testing the free education model today. If it is successful, it will spread more or less rapidly, and even if that particular effort fails it will only be a few years before somebody tries again. So I am not presenting a radical vision for the distant future, but rather describing something that is happening now or very soon. A (nearly) free college education for everybody is not only possible, but likely. But it will be a bare-bones education, and many students will want to pay for something more. What might they pay for? The residential college experience is valuable even if the general chemistry class is out-sourced. The college can provide accompanying laboratory experiences and/or recitation sections. Students need a peer group. Classmates form the beginning of a professional network that will last a lifetime. Attending classes and studying together is valuable, even if the classes themselves are free. Peer group facilitators will be in demand. Some classes— analytical chemistry comes to mind—require expensive equipment along with a technically trained instructor. This will never be free. College faculty won’t get paid much for teaching, but they can still earn a living as tutors, research mentors, coaches, team-leaders, advisers, counselors. These skills cannot be computerized and students will pay for them. I am in favor of a free college education for all, despite the inevitable dislocation in the higher education community. I hope these changes happen sooner rather than later. But I am not starting a political movement. Activism is not necessary—the die is cast and much of what I predict is already taking place. Not that I’m against political activism—if you want to do that be my guest. But could I ask you to please wait for a few years until after I retire?

Relationship between Substance Abuse and Personality

Relationship between Substance Abuse and Personality Annotated bibliography Mercer, Deanna, Douglass, Alan B., Links, Paul S. (2009). Meta-Analyses of Mood Stabilizers, Antidepressants and Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: Effectiveness for Depression and Anger Symptoms. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(2), 156-174.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Relationship between Substance Abuse and Personality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research implemented by Mercer et al. (2009) aimed at defining whether mood stabilizers, antidepressants and antipsychotics are effective for treating anger and depression in patients with borderline personality disorder. The present study was based on the surveys which present validated data. Mercer et al. (2009) reported that mood stabilizers (except divalproic acid and carbamazepine) had quite considerable impact on anger reduction. Antidepressants had smaller, quite sparing, effe ct on both anger and depression reduction whereas antipsychotics had a moderate impact on anger reduction, and did not affected depression. However, Mercer et al (2009) pointed out that their survey did not cover the data of the impact of such substances on patients with alcohol or substance abuse and self-harm behavior. Aharonovich, Efrat, Nguyen, Hueco T., Nunes, Edward V. (2001). Anger and Depressive States among Treatment-Seeking Drug Abusers: Testing the Psychopharmacological Specificity Hypothesis. The American Journal on Addictions, 10(4), 327-334. Aharonovich et al. (2001) researched whether specific type of drugs caused specific disorders in patients with these substances abuse. The researches assumed that due to their different pharmacological properties such drugs as opiates, cocaine, cannabis can produce different effects on abusers’ behavior. The changes in behavior of sixty participants (50 men and 10 women) were studied. Aharonovich et al. (2001) found that the patients’ behavior can be characterized by increased anger and depression. However, the researchers did not reported about the correlation between the type of drugs and precise change in behavior. Though, the survey scored some elevated depression in opiate abusers and elevated anger in cocaine addicts, these data are insignificant to define the correlation between drugs and behavior deviation. Fox, Helen C., Hong, Kwang-lk A., Siedlarz, Kristen, Sinha, Rajita. (2008). Enhanced Sensitivity to Stress and Drug/Alcohol Craving in Abstinent Cocaine-Dependent Individuals Compared to Social Drinkers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(4), 796-805.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fox et al. (2008) surveyed whether there were changes in stress response and craving in patients with substance abuse and patients with alcohol abuse. The behavior of forty people of the former group and forty people of the latter were examined. The participants’ respond to the imaginary stressful and more relaxing situations was observed. The researchers reported that drug abusers are more vulnerable to stress and craving than alcohol abusers. The alcohol addicts revealed considerably moderate response to stress. Thus, the survey suggested that drug addicts’ recovery could be hindered by their increased sensitivity to stress and craving. Mulvey, Edward P., Odgers, Candice, Skeem, Jennifer, Gardner, William, Schubert, Carol, Lidz, Charles. Substance Use and Community Violence:Â  A Test of the Relation at the Daily Level. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 743-754. Mulvey et al. (2006) researched the correlation between the substance (alcohol, cocaine, marijuana, etc.) abuse and violence in patience. The researchers concluded that the use of such substances leads to the increased likelihood of violence. The survey justified that the patients with mental disorders (at a high risk of violent behavior) who took substances like alcohol or drugs revealed increased amount of violent in the following days. The researchers also consider the implications of the use of such substances. Bond, Alyson J., Verheyden, Suzanne L., Wingrove, Janet, Curran, H. Valerie. (2004). Angry Cognitive Bias, Trait Aggression and Impulsivity in Substance Users. Psychopharmacology, 171(3), 331-339. Bond et al (2004) surveyed the correlation between substance abuse (and abuse for methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), in particular) and aggressive behavior. The participants of the research were addicts who took the drugs recently, abusers who did not take drugs for a year, and non-abusers. The participants had to process biased short stories with a key sentence revealing aggression or anger. The researchers concluded that people who took drugs were faster to process aggression biased passages which revealed that they were characterized by an gry cognitive bias. Besides, the researchers did not obtain the evidence of particular impact of MDMA. Thus, the Bond et al. (2004) concluded that drug abusers reveal the presence of angry cognitive biased. Relationship between substance abuse and personality The latest findings on the problem The implication of substance abuse is being extensively surveyed nowadays. Researchers report about the changes of behavior and even personality in substance abusers. Such addicts are characterized by more aggressive behavior and more sensitivity to depression and stress.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Relationship between Substance Abuse and Personality specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various surveys suggest that drug addicts start playing more active role in the social life, they become distant and even indifferent to the world around them. The main concern of such people is their craving to drugs or alcoh ol. It is necessary to point out that drug abusers are more stressful and aggressive than alcohol addicts. Moreover, drug abusers’ recovery is much more hampered by such behavior changes as aggression, depression, anger and hyper-sensitivity to stress. Difference substances cause the same effect It is necessary to add that there can be no such notion as safer drugs or less harmful alcohol abuse. Different pharmacological peculiarities of such substances as cocaine, amphetamine, marijuana, etc. lead to the same consequences: the change of personality. Of course, apart from psychological deviations any drug abuse can lead to numerous health problems. Any substance abuse affects such important systems as endocrine vascular. The risk group adolescent drug abusers It is essential to point out that substance abuse in adolescents is even more dangerous since the organism is still growing and is more subjected to various factors. There can be no surprise that adolescent drug abusers are more subjected to the changes in behavior. Aggression, violence or depression can affect greatly the development of personality. Thus, the use of drugs is unacceptable for people of all ages, but especially for adolescents. Conclusion In conclusion, it is possible to note that drug abuse causes severe changes in behavior (or even change of personality), and various serious health problems, irrespective of drugs pharmacological peculiarities. It is also necessary to point out that the drug abuse in young people leads to more serious mental and other health problems. Reference Aharonovich, Efrat, Nguyen, Hueco T., Nunes, Edward V. (2001). Anger and Depressive States among Treatment-Seeking Drug Abusers: Testing the Psychopharmacological Specificity Hypothesis. The American Journal on Addictions, 10(4), 327-334. Bond, Alyson J., Verheyden, Suzanne L., Wingrove, Janet, Curran, H. Valerie. (2004). Angry Cognitive Bias, Trait Aggression and Impulsivity in Substance Users. Psychopharm acology, 171(3), 331-339.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fox, Helen C., Hong, Kwang-lk A., Siedlarz, Kristen, Sinha, Rajita. (2008). Enhanced Sensitivity to Stress and Drug/Alcohol Craving in Abstinent Cocaine-Dependent Individuals Compared to Social Drinkers. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(4), 796-805. Mercer, Deanna, Douglass, Alan B., Links, Paul S.. (2009). Meta-Analyses of Mood Stabilizers, Antidepressants and Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: Effectiveness for Depression and Anger Symptoms. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23(2), 156-174. Mulvey, Edward P., Odgers, Candice, Skeem, Jennifer, Gardner, William, Schubert, Carol, Lidz, Charles. Substance Use and Community Violence:Â  A Test of the Relation at the Daily Level. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(4), 743-754.