Biology Of The Crispr Cas9 System - 866 Words

BIOLOGY OF THE CRISPR-CAS9 SYSTEM Functionality of the CRISPR system The endonuclease Cas9 is the core multifunctional protein of the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Two nuclease domains: HNH (39) and RuvC-like (40), within the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) protein conduct the function of cleaving DNA strands. Studies have confirmed that the tracrRNA: crRNA duplex structure will lead to the sequence-specific DNA cleavage (41). PAM short sequence facilitates crRNA to recognize the targeted DNA sequence (42). Cas9 protein cuts the specific DNA strand that is complementary to the 20bp crRNA sequence via HNH domain; on the other hand, the SpCas9 RuvC-like domain cleaves the opposite targeted DNA strand (42) (Fig. 4). Mutating either of these two nucleases domains of SpCas9 will introduce a single-stranded DNA nick, while mutating both HNH and RuvC-like domains will transform SpCas9 into a RNA-guided DNA binding protein (42). X-ray crystallography and has confirm that endonuclease Cas9 undergoes a series of conformational rearrangements when it binds to the gu ide RNA and target DNA (55). With the development of the CRISPR-Cas9 technology, the duplex structure tracrRNA: crRNA has been engineered as one sgRNA retaining both tracrRNA and crRNA’s features. 20 nucleotides at the 5’ side of sgRNA will act as crRNA: recognizing and guiding SpCas9 protein to the targeted DNA sequences through Watson-Crick base pairing; whereas RNA forms a double-stranded structure at the 3’ end of sgRNAShow MoreRelatedDna Editing System For A Type II Crispr System Mechanism1295 Words   |  6 PagesCRISPR/Cas9 DNA editing system is a prokaryotic immune system that becomes resistant to foreign genetics such as plasmids. CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly-Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, which are prokaryotic DNA strands that have a short repetition base sequence. Cas9 is a nuclease enzyme that is used to cut into DNA strands that are associated with CRISPR type II. CRISPR/Cas9 system has several advantages when using this technology in the biological and biomedi cal sciences. It alsoRead MoreAnalyzing The Genome Of Living Cells ( 1 )1139 Words   |  5 PagesBiology, in all of its glory, is quite amazing. It has always existed and always will; it merely just waits for a human to attempt to understand it. This understanding has taken centuries, however it seems to increase with the years. A very popular topic amongst biologists today is the genome, understanding it, mapping it, comparing one organism’s to another and so on. With the understanding of this genome though, we as humans want to delve into it, tweak it, and manipulate it until it is perfectionRead MoreGenes And Their Effects On Gene Editing Essay1428 Words   |  6 Pagesfields of molecular biology, as manipulated genes deem possible studying the specific genes and their effects. In the past, there were several attempts to manipulate gene function, including homologous recombination, RNA interference (RNAi), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription-activator like ef fector nucleases (TALENs). These past approaches are expensive and time-consuming to engineer as opposed to Crispr Cas9, limiting their widespread use. What the Crispr Cas9 technique offers, andRead MoreThe Importance Of Stem Cell Research805 Words   |  4 Pagesnow. As of late, the technological innovation of CRISPR rises as a promising mechanism to revise hereditary variations from the norm. This method is being proclaimed for exactness and precision in hereditary altering. In stem cell research, â€Å" An isogenic human iPSC cell line precisely corrected by the CRISPR-Cas9 system was recently constructed, despite the handling difficulties associated with gene editing of human stem cells† (Kim, â€Å"CRISPR-Cas9: a promising tool for gene editing on induced pluripotentRead MoreDevelopmental History : The Crispr Technology Originates From The Bacterial Research933 Words   |  4 PagesDEVELOPMENTAL HISTORY OF CRISPR-CAS9 The CRISPR technology originates from the bacterial research, and about one decade’s efforts have been devoted to study its underlying molecular mechanism. The developmental history of the CRISPR-Cas9 system has revealed that how basic biological research will drive the progress of biotechnologies and therapeutic methods. The story of this novel technique began in 1987 when Japanese researchers Nakata and his colleagues observed a series of 29nt DNA repeats interspacedRead MoreCRISPR-Cas9 Essay1058 Words   |  5 PagesMany researchers around the world have been using the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool to try and fix or alter disease-causing mutations in human embryos. Many of these scientists have found a mutation in these genes known as, MYPBC3. This type of mutation mainly affects young athletes. It can cause the heart muscle to thicken, which is known as a heart condition called, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. This type of condition is a dominant gene. Meaning, that if a child inherits this mutation, they willRead MoreBacterial CRISPR-Related Protein-9 Nuclease From Streptucoccus Pyogenes838 Words   |  4 Pagesbased on a bacterial CRISPR-related protein-9 nuclease (Cas9) from Streptococcus pyogenes is an effective and reliable method for making precise, targeted changes in the genome of living ce lls. The functions of the CRISPR (Short Palindromic Repeats Clustering Regular Intermediate Repeats) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) genes in adaptive immunity in selected bacteria and archetypes allow the organisms to respond to and remove invasive genetic material. Methods Three types of CRISPR mechanisms, the mostRead MoreEssay On SMA904 Words   |  4 Pages Impact Summary If this research is successful, it’s findings will increase awareness of research in SMA and introduces how CRISPR-Cas9 can be used as a simpler alternative to edit genomes. Currently we have only investigated the effect on SMN protein levels via the correction of the exon 7 sequence in the SMN1 gene. Therefore, the next stage will be to use CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene editing to target different mutations associated with SMA. Ultimately, we aim to provide a form of treatment to alleviateRead MoreDelivery Of The Cas Components1306 Words   |  6 PagesDelivery of CRISPR-Cas Components: CRISPR systems are generally delivered in the cell using normal methods of transfection such as microinjection, gene gun, electroporation, sonoporation, and using viruses such as adenoviruses and lentiviruses. In cultured mammalian cells, researchers have used electroporation, nucleofection, and Lipofectamine mediated transfection methods to deliver vectors expressing the gene for gRNAs and Cas9 endonuclease. In cultured human and mouse cells, Lentiviral vectorsRead MoreThe And Viruses And Their Biological Function Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesCRISPR loci are first identified in archaea and bacteria when they systematically drew attention from scientists with their biological function to fight phages and viruses (Hsu, Lander, Zhang, 2014). Structurally, a clustered set of Cas (CRISPR-associated) genes and a unique CRISPR array constitute the CRISPR loci. The CRISPR array was further comprised of short repetitive sequence interspaced by distinctive sequences (spacers) in correspond ence with exogenous genetic bits (protospacer). The natural

Sample of Informative Speech

Sample of Informative Speech What Is Comparison? Have you ever thought of a linchpin of our individuality? What makes us unique and special among billions of other human beings, in fact so similar to ourselves? And, finally, what is the major component that lays in the basis of our choice concerning profession, hobby and, of course, life partners and friends? Since our birthday we start to absorb experiences, emotions and pictures, like sponge and further on build our personal mentality and personality. One could argue that the major role in this process is played by parents and relatives; the other may put more emphasis on the role of the society and circumstances, the third could even dig into the scientific reasons. But today I would like to talk about the role of comparison in our lives. And even more – about life as a comparison. I strongly believe that everything we know comes to us as a result of comparison. We let the external factors flow through the prism of our individual perception. Our perception, therefore, is the collection of our experiences and pictures from the past that enrich and fulfil our personality. When we are small, we compare ourselves to the others and questions that come to our mind, such as, Why is the sun shining? Why is the sky blue? Why do the birds sing? etc are the first familiarization with the realities of the world we live in. We know the laws of nature but if one day sun does not rise, our comparison will make us to develop a new experience and seek for the explanation of this phenomenon. We meet new people and inevitably compare them with other individuals, with ourselves and our standards. Every new meeting is a

The Odyssey Free Essay Example, 2500 words

16 Nov Odysseus’ Odyssey: A Saga of Love and Devotion within a Tale of Hatred and War The Odyssey, one of Homer’s world acclaimed epics, popular for its portrayal of heroism and adventure, still remains unsurpassed in the annals of the history of literature. The story, a sequel to Homer’s other epic Iliad, narrates the saga of the journey of Odysseus after the 10 year long war of Troy. It takes him another 10 years of perilous journey through hostile oceans and battles with several monsters, to finally get back to his family. In the meanwhile, back at home, his wife Penelope waits for him, trying to fend off the ‘suitors’ who are vying to marry her and access their property. While this epic poem, in a general context, is perceived as a narrative of the adventurous journey of a legendary hero back to his home after a war, it appears that Homer actually intends to illustrate the â€Å"struggle for life and survival† of a person and thereby depi cts the struggle of all humanity through this great work of literature (Sisti 31). We will write a custom essay sample on The Odyssey or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now On the one hand, the author epitomizes the perils a human has to encounter in the course of a lifetime, through the voyage of a valiant hero and, on the other hand, he illustrates the values, virtues and ideals that humans must uphold in their lives. However, more important is the emotions that he deftly knits into the fabric of this epic tale to illustrate the love and devotion of Penelope for her husband Odysseus. Thus, on the surface level, it narrates a story of heroism and adventure of a legendary warrior, but on a subtle level it depicts the true love of a devoted wife, who waits for her husband ignoring all other allurements of life. Similarly apart from portraying an excellent story about adventure and love, Odyssey further contains characteristics that still make it relevant to the present generation youth. What makes a great classic is not merely the time period it was written in, but also how it can be related to the modern world and the modern people. In this same light, Odyssey also shows the coming of age of Odysseus’ son Telemachus, that is, the boy’s transformation into a â€Å"into a mature, responsible adult† (Allen 2). Without his father around, he is forced to fend for his mother and ward off the suitors who are trying to woo her. With help from the Goddess of war and wisdom, Athena, Telemachus sets on a journey determined to not only find his father, but also bring him back to the country. Reading epics like the Odyssey really require a lot of attention from the reader’s part as the story follows a wide range of characters, each with their own development as the tale evo lves.

Adoption Essay - 636 Words

Adopting a child is an experience that promises to bring great joy as it changes a couple or individual’s life forever. But what happens if the mother of that child wants to endorse their child? Those are the issues that many adopting parents and birth-right mothers are facing today. Many biological mothers want their child back. There are many concerns for adopting parents to know- that there is the possibly that the birth mother may file for the child. As a birth mother or the adopting parent one must realize consequences that could lay ahead. The legal and social transfer of all parental right, responsibilities, and roles from one parent or parents, usually biological, to a nonbiological parent or parents is the definition of†¦show more content†¦They do not feel ready or able to be good parents. Most adopting parents, although, feel confident that most birth-right mothers will not seize their child back. Chris Intagliata, a mother of two adopted children advises that â€Å" It [is] important to ask yourself what you can handle. If you feel you can handle everything, that’s a good attitude.† Those are important notions adopting parents must do. Most of the time adopting parents can handle the task but some times it backfires when the biological mother or couple want the baby back. Statistics show that the vast majority of independent adoptions in California are completed without a hitch; less that 2 percent are even contested. But when an adoption is contested, the anguish felt by both the adoptive and birth parents is unimaginable. Linda Ribordy, a family specialist who represented a birth mother in a legal case says that â€Å"if a birth mother changes her mind, it’s automatic that they get the baby back.† But the adopting parents feel furiously and emotionally different. â€Å"We have no legal status, no legal rights, none,† says Inger Bischofberger. â€Å"But he calls me Mama. The only thing that keeps me going is that I can’t turn my back on him, I can’t just walk away from him because all the grownups in his life have messed up.† Birth mothers shouldn’t gain their childShow MoreRelatedAdoption And The Law Of Adoption706 Words   |  3 PagesUnder the customary law of adoption which was in force afore the commencementof the Act, adoption is a nomination of a successor for the purport of inheritance. He doesnot lose all connections with the family of birth. 6 Effects of Adoption: Statutory Provision Section 12 of the Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act, 1956, relates to the Effectsof Adoption and the provision reads as under 7 : â€Å"12. Effects of Adoption – An adopted child shall be deemed to be the child of his or heradoptive fatherRead MoreAdoption And The Adoption System1843 Words   |  8 PagesBaker M-W Class Mr. De 3/19/16 Adoption There are many sides and opinion about adoption, me coming from the adoption system highly agrees with adoption. In this paper, I m going to explain the history of adoption, the rules you have to follow, the pros and cons of adoption and the process of adoption, and stories of adoption. Also, I will talk and explain about the system and what could be improvements to the system. Adoption is an old process. Adoption is a process where parents who cannotRead MoreAdoptions With An Emphasis On The Adoption Of Infants2157 Words   |  9 Pages Unrelated Adoptions with an Emphasis on the Adoption of Infants Nicole Scrivani University of Central Florida Unrelated Adoptions with an Emphasis on the Adoption of Infants Introduction Adoption is the process in which an adult legally becomes the guardian to a child or children that are not biologically their own (Legal Information Institute, n.d.). Through adoption, a new family is created and rather than looking at it as one event—which many people mistakenly do—it is a lifelongRead MoreAdoption2066 Words   |  9 PagesCarly Lorenz Composition amp; Rhetoric Prof. Wagner Research Paper 11-17-12 Process of Adoption It is a pretty safe bet to say that everyone knows what adoption is; it is also pretty safe to say that everyone knows, or at least knows of, someone who is adopted. However, I would definitely think twice before that people would know what was involved in the process of adoption. From the time I was a young girl, I have always thought that I would adopt a child, since being an adopted fromRead MoreAdoption, Domestic And International Adoption Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pageschildren, but what are other options? Adoption gets helpless children out of the foster care system, but having their own child gives them a better connection. Three reasons why parents should adopt is because it helps get kids out of foster care, adopted families have all the same rights as families formed from birth, and adopting a child helps parents start a family if they can’t get pregnant. Although some people think that having their own child is better, adoption is better because it gives childrenRead MorePet Adoption741 Words   |  3 Pages Pet Adoption Many people have different thoughts on adoption. Such as why adoption is a good thing not only for the animal but also the owner, if each dog deserves a second chance, and if there should be kill shelters. Adoption is good for both the animal and the owner, by adopting an animal is gives them a new home that they deserve. Adoption gives the owner a sense of what the animal has gone through, which sometimes helps understand the way the animal may act and can help find ways to trainRead MoreAdoption Of Ideas1055 Words   |  5 Pagescorporate landscape continued adoption of new ideas and methodologies is vital to success, however there are certain barriers which prevent the adoption of novel ideas. It is of paramount importance to organisations to demystify the factors which hold back the implementation of new ideas. Ideas include but are not limited to innovative concepts regarding new products, new processes and new approaches to management. In this essay, I will explore the main barriers facing idea adoption namely risk aversion ofRead MoreBenefits of Adoption940 Words   |  4 PagesAdoption is a wonderful and rewarding way to grow a family. When you open your heart and house to a child through adoption, you make an everlasting commitment. It is an important decision that requires thought and discussion among the entire family. Adopting a child is without a doubt a life changing experience that requires patience and dedication. This experience allows families to change a child’s life who one day may have thought that they would never be loved. Parents who adopt from infertilityRead MoreAdoption : Should Cross Cultural Adoptions Be Sanctioned Or Not?1688 Words   |  7 PagesAdoption – should cross-cultural adoptions be sanctioned or not? (Page 104). I do not believe that cross-cultural adoption should be sanctioned, but it is an extremely controversial issue. I believe adoption agencies throughout the world and their governments must work together to create rigorous policy to ensure the safety of the children, and set a quality standard for parents looking to adopt. Sanctions are to impose a penalty, or threaten with a penalty for disobeying rules (Dictonary.com, 2017)Read MoreLGBT Adoption2934 Words   |  12 PagesLGBT ADOPTION 1 LGBT Adoption Thomas Gregorcyk Ottawa University LGBT Adoption New Jersey’s statewide parenting legislation espouses a progressive stance on the matters of same-sex parenting and child care in the processes of adoption and foster parenting. The Garden State allows for same-sex adoption; allows single homosexuals to adopt; and allows second parent same-sex adoption (Lifelong

Example Fo a Descriptive Essay Eng 101 Free Essays

Week 4 Assignment: Descriptive Essay John Barkle IV ENG 121 English Composition I Instructor: Antoinette Oesterlein 11/24/12 It is a very merry Christmas. It’s my favorite time of year. For some people, Christmas lasts one day. We will write a custom essay sample on Example Fo a Descriptive Essay Eng 101 or any similar topic only for you Order Now For me it starts the week before Thanksgiving and last the whole month long. I have been celebrating month long Christmases since I was a little boy. My family owns 5 Christmas tree lots, and I have the pleasure of working on our main lot; Deejohn’s Christmas Trees in San Mateo. This paper w ill discuss the sites, sounds, and smells of the Christmas tree lot, and how there is no place that says Christmas like a real Christmas tree lot. (Thesis) The first thing you notice is the lights. Most every Christmas tree lot uses the same types of lights. The temporary lighting system uses evenly spaced bare light bulbs strung methodically above each row of trees. This creates an unmistakeable pattern of lights that screams Christmas tree lot. Maybe it is just because I am so attuned to the business, but I can recognize a Christmas tree lot from a mile away because the way the lights look from a distance is so distinct. Most people probably do not think about it, but next time you are out during the season, keep an eye off into the distance while you drive down the street. I am sure you will understand what I am talking about once you start to look for it. Of course the most distinctive feature of a Christmas tree lot is the trees. We display our trees all in a row,side by side, and sorted by height. As you walk on the lot you notice the trees all grouped together like a little green forest amongst the urban background. Something about the way the trees are arranged in even straight rows, make the little ones want to play hide and seek. Almost every kid who comes on the lot ends up hiding in the trees. Of course every one decorates the place with bright red, green, gold, and silver Christmas ornaments. We have a 5 foot tall inflatable Santa. Standing next to Santa are two 3 feet tall elves, all dress in holiday green and red, with their pointy green elf shoes and red jingle bell hats. The most famous reindeer of all Rudolph the Red Nose reindeer stands with Santa and his elves. One thing that is unmistakable about a real Christmas tree lot is the smell of fresh cut fir trees. One thing you can not get away from on our Christmas tree lot is the music. As I sit and write this essay, I am listening to Bing Crosby singing I’ll be home for Christmas over the loud speakers outside the trailer. On our tree lot there is always Christmas music playing. From Rudolph the Red Nose Reindeer, to The Little Drummer Boy, Christmas music is playing from open to close. To be honest, we all get a little tired of it near the end of the season, but for our customers, it would just not be the same experience with out hot apple cider and Christmas Carols. I can not count the number of times I caught myself humming I’m Dreaming of a White Christmas In July. Another sound you hear on the lot all the time is the sound of laughter. Children dart between the rows(even though we tell them to walk for their safety) and giggle when they get â€Å"found† by their siblings and parents. For the most part, a Christmas Tree lot is the happiest place on Earth. There is something about the experience that just lends itself to good cheer. This is the one time of year Mom gets to be as picky as she wants, while Dad just sits back and says â€Å"Yes dear it is a beautiful tree, I think the your mother is going to love it. † Of course Dad always glances at me, rolls his eyes and shrugs as if to say: â€Å"What can I do? It’s Christmas! † Almost everyone who comes on the tree lot comments on the fresh smell of pine, and how wonderful it is. What most people realize is there is no pine on our tree lot. All of our trees are Firs. We have Noble Fir, Douglas Fir, and Grand Fir and each has a distinctive smell. The noble fir smells like a traditional Christmas tree. The Noble fir smell is the smell most people relate to Christmas trees. The smell of our Douglas Firs is overpowered by the Noble and Grand firs on the lot, but when you take them home they can really perk up your lace with the smell of Christmas. My favorite tree for smell is the Grand Firs. The Grand fir has a vibrant green needle with a silver gray back. The grand fir has a powerful and pungent oil, and it has a vibrant smell that is unmatched by any other live tree I have experienced. Just rubbing a branch on your skin or clothes can leaving you smelling festive for hours. Working on a Christmas tree lot is a dirty business, but I have come home from many another job smelling much worse than I do at the end of a long day on the lot. The sights and smells of Christmas come and go, but the music stays with me the whole year round. Christmas is one time of year that brings families separated by states and nations back together; even if only for a short time, and the Christmas Tree Lot seems to be one experience they all seem to agree is positive and fun. From the delicious cinnamon spiced hot apple cider, the pungent aroma of fresh cut fir trees, and the joyous laughter of a game of hide and seek in the trees, a visit to the tree lot is loved and remembered by all. Come visit us, and I bet you will find yourself humming Jingle Bells or Joy to the World all the way home. Whatever you do, don’t forget to grab a red and white stripped peppermint candy cane on your way out. How to cite Example Fo a Descriptive Essay Eng 101, Essays

Corporate Real Estate Risks Free Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCorporate Real Estate Risks. Answer: This study aims to conduct a critical review of the journal article named Corporate real estate risks: A survey on risk perception amongst corporate real estate practitioners. After the analysis of this journal article, it can be observed that the main aim of the authors of this article is to identify different kinds of risks in corporate real estate as these risks may have influence on the added value of corporate real estate to the value of the shareholders in the organizations[1]. Another major aim of the authors is to make sure whether different perceptions can be seen in these risks as per the jobs and companies of the respondents[2]. The findings of the research states that there are 43 kinds of risks related with the corporate real estate in six risk categories. In addition, it can also be seen that the differentiation of risk perception is mostly based on geographical location or segment of the industry[3]. At the same time, the size of the organizations does not have any inf luence on the corporate real estate risks. Looking at these major findings, it needs to be mentioned that the authors have been largely successful to achieve the research aim. With the help of this research, the readers can obtain knowledge about the management of risks by the managers of corporate real estates. Moreover, the readers will be able to make comparison about different risk perception with other researches. All the steps of the research have been perfectly stated and do not have any scope for any problem. Certain approached has been adopted for this research process. The authors have used quantitative method for this research. In addition, the authors have studied various literatures for the identification of corporate real estate risks. The authors have also conducted interview with corporate real estate specialists to recognize the risks. In addition, the authors have conducted a survey with 70 end-users, 16 corporate real estate consultants and 2 corporate real estate academics in order to gather the inventory of risk perception[4]. They have also conducted various tests to analyze the differences; they are t-tests, Mann-Whitney U tests and Kruskal-Wallis test[5]. The researchers have complied with all the necessary polices while conducting the research and the results of this research has provided a list for corporate real estate risks. It implies that there is not any biasness in the results of this research. It can be observed that the researchers have used various tables for pr esenting the risks related to corporate real estate. From the analysis of the research process, it can be seen that the article does not contain any specific problem statements or hypothesis. However, the main aim of this research is the identification of various risks in corporate real estates. Based on the results of the research process, the researchers have claimed that there are 43 risks in total six categories[6]. In addition, geographical locations are responsible for risk differentiation in corporate real estates and the organizations size does not have any impact on the corporate real estate risks[7]. The adopted methodology keeps the consistency of the total argument as the authors have relied on real life primary data. The presence of real life primary data from interview and survey makes the evidences variable. As per the conclusion, the six risk categories are development risks, financial policy risk, operational and business policy risk, location risks, appearance risk and external and regulation risks. The results of int erviews, survey and literature study supports the conclusion and it adds justification to the conclusion. By considering the readers of all class like expert, non-expert or academic, the authors have kept the writing style simple so that they can be suitable for all readers. Apart from this, the whole research article has been developed in a perfectly organized manner so that it becomes easy for the readers to comprehend. Data and information have been presented in the tabular form for making them easily understandable for the readers. In this manner, the authors have left no scope for bringing improvisation in the structure of the research article. References Corporate Real Estate Risks: A Survey On Risk Perception Amongst Corporate Real Estate Practitioners(2018) emeraldinsight.com https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/JCRE-09-2015-0020